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</p><p>　　我在中國的好幾個(gè)機(jī)場都觀察到這樣的現(xiàn)象：到了應(yīng)該登機(jī)的時(shí)候，什么消息都沒有，然后就說誤點(diǎn)了，繼續(xù)沒有任何消息。誰都不吭聲，沒有任何人出來解釋飛機(jī)為什么誤點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　旅客先是感到暫時(shí)的困惑，然后覺得著急，第三步終于變得焦慮。到了焦慮階段，他們就開始主動去詢問，然而即便你主動去問，也問不出個(gè)所以然來。然后到了第四階段，就出現(xiàn)了與和諧社會截然相反的現(xiàn)象：雙方吵起來，甚至打起來了。在過去的幾年中間，這樣的報(bào)道已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了好多次。</p><p>　　目擊這種情況，我一開始感到不可思議，為什么機(jī)場在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻不吭聲呢？這種行為方式和國際慣例完全不同。稍微好點(diǎn)的機(jī)場，如果飛機(jī)晚點(diǎn)，往往在預(yù)定登機(jī)的時(shí)間之前半小時(shí)就開始廣播。這也很簡單。該登機(jī)的時(shí)候不能登機(jī)，你一定是要一個(gè)解釋�；蛘呤枪ぷ魅藛T拿個(gè)喇叭出來講，或者在登機(jī)口掛一個(gè)牌子，有的時(shí)候是顯示在電子屏幕上，解釋延誤的原因，到底是天氣不好還是飛機(jī)晚到，或者是機(jī)械原因，還是飛機(jī)調(diào)度問題。服務(wù)更好一點(diǎn)的話，還要通告大概會延誤多長時(shí)間。</p><p>　　一個(gè)明確的信息能有效緩解乘客的焦慮，消彌沖突。為什么我們的機(jī)場就做不到呢？我考慮這個(gè)問題好幾年，終于得到了結(jié)論。中國的機(jī)場的作風(fēng)是從哪兒學(xué)來的？他們是從政府官員那兒學(xué)來的。許多政府官員處置突發(fā)事件的時(shí)候，最習(xí)以為常的方式就是不吭聲，不披露消息，不提供解釋。人跟動物最大的區(qū)別之一是人必須依靠信息來行動。人必須通過信息來互動。你不給他信息，就會造成非常緊張的和激化的互動方式。因?yàn)樗麄儾豢月�，許多本來不大的事件，最后釀成了大的沖突。</p><p>　　有些官員大概以為，只要不吭聲，事情就可以瞞過去了。但是他沒有想到，這種方式在20世紀(jì)初差不多還能管用，到了20世紀(jì)末、21世紀(jì)初早已經(jīng)不行了。從20世紀(jì)的后半葉開始，政治學(xué)界開始研究“良治”(Good Governance)，良好的公共行政治理有很多標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但“透明度”一定會排在前三位之中。透明度就是政府要在足夠早的時(shí)候發(fā)布信息。不僅要發(fā)布，而且要解釋；<br>不僅要及時(shí)，并且要保真。</p><p>　　不論年齡大小，教育水平高低，公眾都有吸收信息、理解信息和使用信息的基本能力。如果政府不能及時(shí)給出真實(shí)的信息，就在鼓勵人們相信最壞的信息。所以會有謠言。任何一個(gè)地方謠言盛行，責(zé)任不在民間，而在控制信息的官員和機(jī)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　每年中國都要發(fā)生數(shù)萬起大小群體事件，乃至于暴力事件，其中相當(dāng)一部分可以在早期化解掉。為了小矛盾不要變大，“文的矛盾”不要變成“武的沖突”，“武的沖突”不要引發(fā)成“流血的暴力”，最重要的事就是盡早披露真實(shí)的信息。</p><p>　　2008年中國通過了《信息公開條例》，但到目前為止，這個(gè)法規(guī)并沒有真正發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用。因?yàn)橐屵@個(gè)法規(guī)行之有效，需要另外兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的配合。第一，任何一個(gè)公民或者機(jī)構(gòu)要求政府公開信息，如果政府拒絕公開或者有意誤導(dǎo)，必須加以追究和懲罰。沒有這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，這個(gè)法律就只是沒有牙的老虎，咬不到任何人。第二，如果政府機(jī)構(gòu)沒有能力在第一時(shí)間里發(fā)布信息，他們就不應(yīng)該壟斷信息傳播和發(fā)布的渠道。既然政府無力發(fā)布真相，就必須允許民間的信息渠道發(fā)揮替代作用，不然就無法保障公民的知情權(quán)。</p><p>　　政府拒絕發(fā)布信息，同時(shí)壟斷發(fā)布信息的渠道，就為社會矛盾激化和暴力準(zhǔn)備好了最好的條件。1950年代的時(shí)候，著名的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家米達(dá)爾曾對蘇聯(lián)的高級官員說，權(quán)力的壟斷和資本的壟斷一樣可怕和有害；<br>甚至更可怕，更有害。SARS之后，我曾經(jīng)講過一句話，在21世紀(jì)，信息的壟斷造成的可怕和有害的后果是資本壟斷和權(quán)力壟斷的相加。因?yàn)樾畔⑹琴Y本和權(quán)力運(yùn)作的要素和基礎(chǔ)。</p><p>　　回頭來看，中國機(jī)場里之所以頻頻發(fā)生沖突，不正是因?yàn)槟切┱莆樟诵畔⒌娜�，有意無意地把信息當(dāng)作自己的壟斷資源嗎？</p><p 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