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中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司 在對(duì)外出版中我們應(yīng)當(dāng)如何翻譯

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2020-02-17 來(lái)源: 散文精選 點(diǎn)擊:

  “加大對(duì)外傳播的力度”并不意味著僅僅出版更多的外文書(shū)報(bào)。更重要的是要進(jìn)一步提高我們對(duì)外傳播的水平。      加強(qiáng)針對(duì)性 改進(jìn)寫(xiě)作方式      近年來(lái)筆者接觸到一些外宣出版物,深感這些外文書(shū)刊與過(guò)去相比已是面目一新,無(wú)論是在題材、內(nèi)容上,還是在印刷、裝幀上,都與過(guò)去不可同日而語(yǔ),水平上了好幾層臺(tái)階,有些甚至用“精品”來(lái)形容也不為過(guò)。然而,在寫(xiě)作和語(yǔ)言上,有相當(dāng)一部分還不能很好地適應(yīng)外國(guó)讀者的閱讀理念和習(xí)慣。尤其是一些地方省市的對(duì)外書(shū)刊中,整個(gè)寫(xiě)作方式依然是中文式的。大量的中國(guó)特有的政治術(shù)語(yǔ)、語(yǔ)義含糊抽象的詞匯、累贅復(fù)雜的句式結(jié)構(gòu),對(duì)于外國(guó)讀者來(lái)說(shuō)近乎“天書(shū)”。試看下面這段話:
  
  實(shí)例一
  中文原文:濟(jì)源人民憑著自己特有的勤勞和智慧,發(fā)揚(yáng)愚公移山精神,堅(jiān)持“做大做強(qiáng)鋼鐵、鉛鋅、能源,化工、建材五大支柱產(chǎn)業(yè),積極發(fā)展壯大機(jī)械制造加工、農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品加工兩大潛力產(chǎn)業(yè),加快發(fā)展高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)”的“五二一”工業(yè)發(fā)展思路和依托“平原區(qū)、山區(qū)”,發(fā)展“平原、淺山丘陵、山區(qū)”三個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)帶,形成“種植業(yè)、林果業(yè)、養(yǎng)殖業(yè)、水產(chǎn)業(yè)”四大特色產(chǎn)業(yè)的“二三四”農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展思路,初步形成了國(guó)內(nèi)重要的電力基地、煤化工基地、礦用機(jī)電基地、全國(guó)優(yōu)質(zhì)糧基地、鮮切花基地和畜牧養(yǎng)殖基地,為濟(jì)源的崛起注入無(wú)限的話力和后勁。
  譯文是:Relying on their own hardworking and wisdom by carrying forward the mountain-moving spirits, Jiyuan people adheres to the "Five-two- one" industry developmental thought (namely: develop and strengthen the five pillar industries such as steel, lead zinc, energy, chemical engineering and building materials, actively promote the two market potential industries as machinery manufacturing and farm and sideline products processing, as well as speed up development of high and new technical industry) and the "Two-three- four" agriculture developmental thought as "relying on plain and mountainous areas" to develop the three industrial belts as "plain, hills and mountainous area" , and form four characteristic industries as "crop farming, forestry and fruit industry, livestock breeding and aquaculture" , tries to develop Jiyuan into the base of electric power, the base for coal chemical industry, mine electro- magnetic products base and the national quality grain base, and the base for flowers and livestock breading, to inject infinite energy and power to Jiyuan.
  注意這是一個(gè)一逗到底的句子。觀其英文譯文,且不說(shuō)其中的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤、用詞不當(dāng)和邏輯紊亂,單是152個(gè)單詞如同一團(tuán)亂麻似地塞在一個(gè)句子里,就叫人頭痛。這樣的現(xiàn)象在許多地方的對(duì)外出版物里都存在。造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因就是“內(nèi)外不分”,拿著我們平常國(guó)內(nèi)宣傳的慣用做法機(jī)械地套用在對(duì)外宣傳之中。一般的做法是,先由專人寫(xiě)出中文稿,然后再請(qǐng)翻譯人員譯成外文。如果在中文寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候就不考慮外國(guó)讀者的閱讀習(xí)慣,甚至直接就把國(guó)內(nèi)宣傳的原稿拿過(guò)來(lái)翻譯,這樣形成的外文必然會(huì)打上深深的中文“烙印”。上面這段文字,就是我們所習(xí)慣了的那種官樣文章的套路,洋洋灑灑地將“甲乙丙丁”式的八股詞匯堆砌在一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)238個(gè)中文字符的句子里,而翻譯人員則“忠實(shí)”地逐句逐詞對(duì)譯。這樣的出版物叫外國(guó)讀者怎么能看得下去呢?又有何外宣效果可言?
  遺憾的是,這樣的寫(xiě)法,在各地的對(duì)外宣傳品中還是大量地存在。這種現(xiàn)象必須引起各外宣主管部門(mén)的重視,切實(shí)改進(jìn)外宣出版物的寫(xiě)作方式。那么應(yīng)該怎樣改進(jìn)呢?首先就是要提高寫(xiě)作的針對(duì)性,即考慮到我們的目標(biāo)讀者(即外國(guó)人)的思維方式和閱讀習(xí)慣。由于文化、價(jià)值觀、社會(huì)體制、意識(shí)形態(tài)的不同,外國(guó)人對(duì)于我們習(xí)以為常的文風(fēng)根本不習(xí)慣,不理解、甚至抵觸。如果不注意這一點(diǎn).那么即使我們所寫(xiě)的東西有再豐富的信息內(nèi)涵,也是枉然,因?yàn)槿思覊焊筒辉敢庾x下去。我們必須放棄那些與實(shí)質(zhì)信息無(wú)關(guān)的口號(hào)式的套話,用外國(guó)讀者所熟悉的語(yǔ)言、以簡(jiǎn)潔清晰的文字表述我們所欲傳達(dá)的信息。以上面那段話為例,可以作如下改寫(xiě):
   In their diligent effort to develop industry and agriculture, the Jiyuan people formulated appropriate strategies. For industry, they planned to boost five pillar industries of steel, lead- zinc, energy, chemical engineering and building materials, tap their potential abilities in machinery manufacturing and farm products processing and accelerate the development of high- tech industry. For agriculture, they chose crop farming, woods and fruits growing, livestock breeding and fishing as major industries to be developed in three agricultural belts in plain, hilly and mountainous areas. Thanks to their hard work, Jiyuan"s status as an important industrial base has taken shape in terms of power generation, coal and chemical production, mine machinery, quality grain production, flower growing and animal husbandry.
  對(duì)照原來(lái)的譯文,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)新的譯文有這些變化:丟棄了“五二一”、“二三四”、“愚公移山精神”等極具“中國(guó)特色”的術(shù)語(yǔ),精簡(jiǎn)了一些重復(fù)羅嗦的話,如依托“平原區(qū)、山區(qū)”,發(fā)展“平原、淺山丘陵、山區(qū)”等;縮短了近四分之一篇幅,文字由原來(lái)的一句變?yōu)樗木,詞卻減少了37個(gè),即新的譯文顯然比原譯文更簡(jiǎn)潔明了、邏輯關(guān)系更清楚、用詞更貼近于中文原意。詞語(yǔ)的精簡(jiǎn),并沒(méi)有丟失原文的任何實(shí)質(zhì)信息。至于省去“為濟(jì)源的崛起注入無(wú)限的活力和后勁”這一句,不僅是為了減少文字量,更重要的是外國(guó)讀者不習(xí)慣這類畫(huà)蛇添足的虛話。
  
  要以信息傳達(dá)的時(shí)效性為主
  
  下面這個(gè)例子同樣具有典型意義。
  
  實(shí)例二
  中文原文:中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社依托中國(guó)人民大學(xué)的綜合優(yōu)勢(shì),團(tuán)結(jié)全國(guó)廣大人文社會(huì)科學(xué)工作者,高舉人文社會(huì)科學(xué)的旗幟,秉承“出教材學(xué)術(shù)精品,育人文社科精才”的出版理念,大力實(shí)施精品戰(zhàn)略,把出版工作同中國(guó)的教育事業(yè)、文化事業(yè)的發(fā)展,同中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展緊密結(jié)合,形成了人大出版社鮮明的出版特色和巨大的品牌價(jià)值,成為中國(guó)人文社會(huì)科學(xué)出版領(lǐng)域的排頭兵。
  這段話可以說(shuō)是極為典型地代表了現(xiàn)代八股式的文風(fēng),充斥著信手拈來(lái)的豪言壯語(yǔ)。下面是這段文字“忠實(shí)”的英文翻譯:
   China Renmin University Press, relying on the comprehensive advantages of Renmin University of China, has united with humanities and social science workers throughout the country and raised high the standard of humanities and social sciences, followed the concept of "publishing exquisite textbooks and academic works and educate talents of humanities and social sciences," made great efforts to carry oat the exquisite products strategy and combined its publishing function closely with the development of education, culture, economy and society in China. In this way, the publishing house has developed its own distinctive characteristics and a huge brand value. It has become one of the pioneers in China"s publishing industry of humanities and social sciences.
  這段譯文把“團(tuán)結(jié)廣大……”,“高舉……旗幟”,“秉承……理念”,“大力實(shí)施”,“緊密結(jié)合”這些我們耳熟能詳?shù)奶自捯蛔植宦涞胤g出來(lái),可謂不辭辛苦、忠貞不二。然而,外國(guó)讀者可能會(huì)覺(jué)得這些套話沒(méi)什么實(shí)質(zhì)意義,聽(tīng)起來(lái)也覺(jué)得很怪。這段看似忠實(shí)的譯文實(shí)際上是一個(gè)失敗的翻譯。筆者對(duì)此作了一個(gè)新的嘗試,翻譯如下:
   Taking advantage of its status as an affiliate to the Renmin University of China, the China Renmin University Press has established good connections with scholars of humanities and social sciences to help it "publish exquisite textbooks and academic works and contribute to grooming talents of humanities and social sciences." The Press commits itself to China"s development of education, culture, economy and society. In doing so, the Press has established a distinctive brand name and become a top publisher of works of humanities and social sciences in China.
  對(duì)照筆者的這一譯文和原文,可以看出,新譯文放棄了那些中國(guó)特色的“大詞”,改變了句式結(jié)構(gòu).使用了原文中無(wú)直接對(duì)應(yīng)的詞匯和表達(dá)方式。也可以說(shuō),這不是“翻譯”,而是“改寫(xiě)”。其實(shí),在筆者看來(lái).這就是翻譯,是真正有效的翻譯。這樣的譯法是把原文中的所有實(shí)質(zhì)信息元素提煉出來(lái),然后用英文自身的表達(dá)方式重新“寫(xiě)作”。這也是翻譯界公認(rèn)的正確的翻譯過(guò)程。當(dāng)然,如果有“較真”的讀者,也可能會(huì)說(shuō):“那些‘團(tuán)結(jié)’、‘高舉’、‘理念’、‘大力’難道不是中文作者的原意,難道不也是他所希望傳達(dá)的信息?你有什么權(quán)力擅自遺棄原作者的意圖?”對(duì)此質(zhì)疑,我當(dāng)然也無(wú)言以對(duì)。正如許多翻譯理論家所指出過(guò)的,翻譯就是要忠實(shí)地再現(xiàn)原作的內(nèi)容、意圖、風(fēng)格、甚至瑕疵。然而,究竟什么是好的翻譯,譯界歷來(lái)不統(tǒng)一,見(jiàn)仁見(jiàn)智.各有所述。不過(guò)本文的主題不是研究翻譯理論,而是探討對(duì)外傳播中文字表達(dá)的最有效方式。筆者的觀點(diǎn)是,對(duì)外傳播,最好是直接用外文寫(xiě)作;如果不 能用外文寫(xiě)作而不得不從中文翻譯的話,也必須從實(shí)際效果出發(fā),以外國(guó)讀者所習(xí)慣的方式進(jìn)行改寫(xiě),就像筆者上面所舉的譯文例子那樣。當(dāng)然,筆者的這段“譯文”決不敢自稱為最佳,高手肯定能寫(xiě)出更好的譯文。我只不過(guò)是借以說(shuō)明對(duì)外傳播中的翻譯應(yīng)該以信息傳達(dá)的實(shí)效為主。
  
  用外國(guó)讀者熟悉的語(yǔ)言表述實(shí)質(zhì)性信息
  
  為了說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn),下面舉一個(gè)例子。
  安徽省某領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在去年兩會(huì)期間接受新華網(wǎng)的專訪,《縱論安徽加速崛起》。該省的中英雙語(yǔ)外宣刊物《今日安徽》全文刊登了訪談內(nèi)容。其英文譯文也是非常忠實(shí)地全文照譯。該譯文總體還說(shuō)得過(guò)去,不像上一例那么生硬。然而,問(wèn)題在于新華網(wǎng)的采訪完全是按國(guó)內(nèi)新聞模式進(jìn)行的,該領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的話也完全是說(shuō)給國(guó)內(nèi)讀者聽(tīng)的,里面充滿了國(guó)內(nèi)慣用的政治術(shù)語(yǔ)。這樣一篇數(shù)千字的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人講話,一字不落地翻譯出來(lái),外國(guó)讀者能接受嗎?有耐心讀完嗎?該刊在其扉頁(yè)上注明是發(fā)行、贈(zèng)閱給“各國(guó)駐華使領(lǐng)館、重要商務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)、中國(guó)主要駐外使領(lǐng)館……”的。筆者曾經(jīng)在一些中國(guó)駐外使領(lǐng)館見(jiàn)過(guò)大量的此類刊物擺放在客廳里,供外國(guó)人取閱。但我懷疑他們會(huì)不會(huì)有興趣去全文讀完一個(gè)地方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人就這么一個(gè)全面的話題所作的如此詳細(xì)的論述?
  那么,類似這樣的文章究竟應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣“翻譯”呢?筆者認(rèn)為,不應(yīng)當(dāng)是“翻譯”,而應(yīng)當(dāng)“解讀”。首先,應(yīng)當(dāng)看到,盡管該領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的講話是針對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)讀者的,里面仍然有許多國(guó)外讀者關(guān)注、感興趣的內(nèi)容,用筆者上文所用的語(yǔ)匯來(lái)說(shuō),就是其中含有許多“實(shí)質(zhì)性的信息”,F(xiàn)在要做的是,把這些實(shí)質(zhì)信息元素從中國(guó)特有的政治術(shù)語(yǔ)中剝離出來(lái),然后以外國(guó)讀者所熟悉的語(yǔ)言表述出來(lái)。關(guān)鍵在于要讓外國(guó)讀者“明白”。全文翻譯固然很“全面”,很“嚴(yán)密”,似乎能避免信息的“遺漏”,然而,這只是一廂情愿。為了照顧中文術(shù)語(yǔ)的無(wú)一遺漏的翻譯而拉拉雜雜地堆砌上許多不得要領(lǐng)的詞組,這樣的翻譯方法只能讓真正有價(jià)值的信息淹沒(méi)在大量的“噪聲”里面,從而讓外國(guó)讀者望而卻步。
  這里以上述訪談錄為例,具體探討一下這類文章應(yīng)如何用英文予以闡述。該訪談錄中有一段是講“政治生態(tài)”的。
  
  實(shí)例三
  中文原文:在談到“政治生態(tài)”問(wèn)題時(shí),該領(lǐng)導(dǎo)說(shuō),我認(rèn)為政治生態(tài)這是一個(gè)地方政治生活現(xiàn)狀以及政治發(fā)展環(huán)境的反映,是黨風(fēng)、政風(fēng)、社會(huì)風(fēng)氣的綜合體現(xiàn),其核心是黨員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的作風(fēng)問(wèn)題。去年我們提出“政治生態(tài)”建設(shè)后,在全省干部當(dāng)中應(yīng)該說(shuō)引起了強(qiáng)烈的反響和共鳴,我們之所以提出政治生態(tài)建設(shè)問(wèn)題,主要是考慮兩點(diǎn):第一就是有特殊的重要性。當(dāng)前安徽正處在奮力崛起的叫。期,機(jī)遇前所未有,挑戰(zhàn)也前所未有。所以現(xiàn)在比什么時(shí)候都更加需要一個(gè)良好的政治生態(tài)環(huán)境與和諧的政治環(huán)境。以此來(lái)內(nèi)聚人心、外樹(shù)形象,形成推動(dòng)科學(xué)發(fā)展的強(qiáng)大合力。我們覺(jué)得良好的政治生態(tài)是實(shí)現(xiàn)安徽奮力崛起的首要發(fā)展環(huán)境,是凝聚人心、振奮人心的重要保證,也是保持黨的先進(jìn)性的重要內(nèi)容。第二,它具有現(xiàn)實(shí)的針對(duì)性。
  筆者的譯文如下:
   Talking about the "political ecology," the chief explained it as a locality"s current state of politics and the environment for political development, which be said is embodied by the way the ruling party conducts itself, the way the government exercises power and the public"s morals. He pointed out that the most important thing is the way leading officials conduct themselves. He gave two reasons why the provincial Party committee called for the establishment of a favorable political eco-system. First, he said, Anhui Province needs a healthy and harmonious political environment to help it meet challenges and seize opportunities in its drive to become a stronger province. Such an environment, he said, can encourage and unite the people to strive for a healthy development of the province. Creating this environment is also part of the effort to preserve the Communist Party"s nature as the vanguard of society, the Party chief of the province said. The second reason, He said. is that the campaign is based on concerns about problems in the reality.
  可以看出,筆者的這一譯文拋棄了原文一些為了強(qiáng)調(diào)而重復(fù)說(shuō)的話,例如“我們覺(jué)得良好的政治生態(tài)是實(shí)現(xiàn)安徽奮力崛起的首要發(fā)展環(huán)境,是凝聚人心、振奮人心的重要保證”和對(duì)于外國(guó)讀者理解這段話的精髓關(guān)系不大的話,例如“去年我們提出‘政治生態(tài)’建設(shè)后,在全省干部當(dāng)中應(yīng)該說(shuō)引起了強(qiáng)烈的反響和共鳴”。值得注意的是,筆者這一譯文的字?jǐn)?shù)(171個(gè)單詞)并不比原譯文(180個(gè)單詞)少多少。原因是,原譯文在表述那些中文政治術(shù)語(yǔ)的時(shí)候采用了簡(jiǎn)單硬譯的辦法,而本譯文為丁讓外國(guó)讀者了解這些術(shù)語(yǔ)的含義,做了更準(zhǔn)確、更詳盡的釋義。這也說(shuō)明了,提供明白易懂的譯文并不總是意味著減少字?jǐn)?shù),需要詳細(xì)的還得詳細(xì),關(guān)鍵還是在于“明白”。

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