新型能源在煙葉烘烤中應(yīng)用前景和效果分析
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2019-08-25 來(lái)源: 散文精選 點(diǎn)擊:
摘 要:為探究煙葉烘烤中經(jīng)濟(jì)性和實(shí)用性較強(qiáng)的新型能源,對(duì)生物質(zhì)顆粒供熱烤房、甲醇燃料烤房和空氣源熱泵烤房在建造成本、用工和能耗成本以及烘烤過(guò)程中穩(wěn)溫性能、烤后煙葉經(jīng)濟(jì)效益方面同燃煤烤房進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究。結(jié)果表明,3種型能源中生物質(zhì)顆粒應(yīng)用前景最好,空氣源熱泵烤房烘烤過(guò)程中自動(dòng)化程度最高、烤后煙葉經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最好,可較好地實(shí)現(xiàn)溫度的精準(zhǔn)控制;新型能源烤房在節(jié)能、減排、增質(zhì)方面均有不同程度提升,但降本效果不明顯。
關(guān)鍵詞:新型能源;烘烤成本;烘烤性能;經(jīng)濟(jì)效益
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S572 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A DOI 編碼:10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2018.01.016
Abstract:To explore the new energy source for more economical and practical of tobacco baking, the construction cost, labor and energy cost, stability during baking, and economic benefits of flue cured tobacco leaves were studied with different baking room, including the biomass granule heating, the roast room, the methanol fuel baking room and the air source heat pump barn. The results showed that biomass particles had the best application prospects in the three types of energy sources. The degree of automation was the highest in the baking process of the air source heat pump barn, and the economic benefits of the cured tobacco leaves were the best, and it could achieve better precision control of temperature. New energy baking room in energy saving, emission reduction, quality enhancement had varying degrees, but the effect was not obvious.
Key words:new energy;baking cost;baking properties;economic benefits
目前,我國(guó)煙葉烘烤是以消耗大量的不可再生能源為代價(jià)而進(jìn)行的煙葉生產(chǎn)過(guò)程,煤炭能耗高,每千克干煙葉耗煤量一般為1.5~2.0 kg,利用效率只有30%左右[1],且燃燒釋放大量的有害物質(zhì)對(duì)環(huán)境會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重污染。研究表明,使用煤炭進(jìn)行煙葉烘烤,每千克煙葉會(huì)導(dǎo)致煤炭產(chǎn)生0.009 4 kg NOx,0.013 2 kg SO2和4.302 kg CO2[2],隨著全球?qū)τ谌剂闲枨蟮牟粩嘣鲩L(zhǎng),煙葉烘烤所用成本不斷上升。近年來(lái),我國(guó)烤煙生產(chǎn)組織形式趨向規(guī)模化種植,烤房集中程度不斷提升,煙葉生產(chǎn)與節(jié)能環(huán)保之間的矛盾日益突出[3-5]。我國(guó)政府工作報(bào)告中多處提及低碳和新能源,要努力建設(shè)資源節(jié)約型、環(huán)境友好型、低碳導(dǎo)向型社會(huì),實(shí)現(xiàn)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)又好又快發(fā)展[6-7]。因此,在煙葉烘烤中注入新型能源和技術(shù)以實(shí)現(xiàn)增質(zhì)降本、節(jié)能減排,對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)我國(guó)煙草行業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義。
本研究主要針對(duì)郴州煙區(qū)煙葉烘烤中使用的生物質(zhì)顆粒供熱烤房、甲醇燃料烤房和空氣源熱泵烤房與普通燃煤烤房進(jìn)行綜合對(duì)比試驗(yàn),旨在篩選出最適合煙葉烘烤的新型能源,為今后新型能源烤房的應(yīng)用與改進(jìn)奠定基礎(chǔ)。
1 材料和方法
1.1 試驗(yàn)材料
供試煙草品種為云煙87。
烘烤工廠烤房建造為密集烤房群模式,新型能源烤房在普通燃煤烤房基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造,4種能源類(lèi)型烤房均為氣流下降式,裝煙室模式為2路3層設(shè)計(jì),規(guī)格為2.7 m×8.0 m×3.4 m,烘烤能力1.20 ~1.32 hm2。
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)于2017年7月在郴州市桂陽(yáng)縣曾家村煙葉烘烤工廠進(jìn)行。試驗(yàn)田土壤為水稻土,土壤肥力中等,前茬作物為水稻。煙草種植行距120 cm,株距50 cm,打頂后株高為110~120 cm。田間管理按優(yōu)質(zhì)烤煙栽培生產(chǎn)技術(shù)規(guī)范進(jìn)行,選取上部葉(14~16葉位)于充分成熟后采收,進(jìn)行烘烤。根據(jù)烤房供熱能源類(lèi)型不同設(shè)置4個(gè)處理:CK,燃煤烤房;T1,生物質(zhì)顆粒供熱烤房;T2,甲醇燃料烤房;T3,熱泵能源烤房。每個(gè)處理烤房進(jìn)行3次上部葉烘烤試驗(yàn),煙葉烘烤過(guò)程中按3段式烘烤工藝相關(guān)要求對(duì)溫濕度進(jìn)行調(diào)整。
1.3 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目及方法
不同能源烤房建造成本由郴州市煙草公司提供;烘烤用工費(fèi)用集中統(tǒng)計(jì)后按單個(gè)烤房進(jìn)行折算;耗電量統(tǒng)計(jì)為;饡r(shí)電表讀數(shù)減去點(diǎn)火時(shí)電表讀數(shù);燃料用量為每爐次烘烤結(jié)束后對(duì)烘烤過(guò)程中單次加入煤炭、生物質(zhì)顆;蚣状假|(zhì)量進(jìn)行累計(jì);3次煙葉烘烤數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)后取各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)平均值進(jìn)行分析?竞鬅熑~質(zhì)量等級(jí)評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用國(guó)家技術(shù)監(jiān)督局烤煙GB 2635—92分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行。
烘烤過(guò)程中統(tǒng)計(jì)38,42,48,52 ℃這4個(gè)關(guān)鍵穩(wěn)溫點(diǎn)不同能源類(lèi)型烤房干球溫度的變化情況;空載試驗(yàn)時(shí)將試驗(yàn)烤房所有門(mén)窗關(guān)閉,同時(shí)點(diǎn)火并將循環(huán)風(fēng)機(jī)檔位調(diào)至高速,將目標(biāo)溫度都設(shè)定為65 ℃,記錄烤房?jī)?nèi)升溫至38,42,48,52,60,65 ℃這6個(gè)溫度節(jié)點(diǎn)時(shí)所用時(shí)間。
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