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l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-02 Դ: ӛȫ c(din)
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}עĸ(j)Catherine PorterӢgWhat is Enlightenment?Paul RabinowM. Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, The New Press, 1997, pp. 303-319.g(j)ıУӆDits et ecritsvol. IV., pp. 562-578, \"Quest-ce que les Lumieres?, Paris, Gallimard, 1994
I.
죬мs־Լx߂һ(g)}@ôĿֻᘌ(du)ÿ(g)˶ѽ(jng)Ҋijһ(xing)}ԃҊ˵óʲô|Dz̫ܵ18o(j)ľtϲgЩПoQkĆ}Ҳ֪@N(x)TǷЧһc(din)Կ϶(hu)
ôfc@NL(fng)협(yng)178411£@ôһҵڿ¿dˌ(du)һ(g)}Ĵ(f)}ǣʲôdž(f)ߣ
@SֻƪС¡ҿ(bio)־Ȼij(g)}˼ʷ(du)@(g)}F(xin)܌W(xu)ț]شҲδɹԔ[Ó@(g)}ɰһֱԶNͬʽ؏(f)Ժڸ_ʼg(jng)^ɻR˹fȻ˺ĬؐR˹]һN܌W(xu)ܻر@ͬһ(g)}òijNֱӻgӵķʽ挦(du)ô@(g)Q醢ɣAufklärung¼@(g)һ̶ϛQ҂ǡ˼¼ʲô҂O(sh)һ¿Ȼx߂ԃ@һ(g)}ʲôǬF(xin)܌W(xu)S҂Ҳ(hu)ƵķʽF(xin)܌W(xu)@һN܌W(xu)һֱڱMԇDشɰǰdzQ(mo)Ȼǂ(g)}ʲôdž
҂M(fi)c(din)µôc(din)ԭֵ҂P(gun)ע
1. HHڿ´İl(f)ăɂ(g)ǰM. T ɣMoses MendelssohnҲͬһs־(f)ͬһ(g)}^ԼĴ(f)r(sh)δxǰߵ܌W(xu)\(yn)(dng)(dng)ȻǡÏһ_ʼq̫Ļ°l(f)չġT ɺRһڴǰs30ѽ(jng)ǂ(g)c(din)ֱǕr(sh)}߀ֻǞq̫Ļڵ˼бٳһϯ֮أRġq̫ˡо^@NLԇҪǴ_q̫˼c܌W(xu)ͬRĆ}@T ڡ쳶`Փ`IJࡷ[1]ͨ^¿Ͽd@ƪ£˂_ʼJ(rn)R(sh)ZеġAufklärungھwZġHaskalaͬһ(g)vʷ@ɂ(g)~Ŭ_a(chn)Ĺͬ^SҲǽQijNͬ\(yn)[2]F(xin)҂֪(hu)(do)ӵı
2. Ȼԭ߀HHoՓ߀Ǿ(g)̂y(tng)(ni)ĵ뵶һ(g)}
@(dng)Ȼ܌W(xu)˼һԇD˼ĬF(xin)ڣpresentwԣ҂f@N˼ǰҪȡNʽ
(1) ԌF(xin)ڱ@(g)һ(g)ضr(sh)ͨ^ijЩ(ni)ڵԅ^(q)er(sh)ͨ^ijЩ¼cr(sh)x@NJ(rn)R(sh)ڰDġμƪУ(du)ԒJ(rn)R(sh)Լ̎Щѭh(hun)еһ(g)@(g)ѭh(hun)֮u(hu)Bl(f)NӵķԺ
(2) ͨ^@һNŬ(du)F(xin)|(zh)ԃԇDĬF(xin)֮нxijһ¼A(y)ʾԘ(bio)־ڴ҂յijNvʷጌW(xu)ԭtW˹ԮԞ
(3) ߀ԌF(xin)ij(g)D(zhun)c(din)Sڡ¿ƌW(xu)ĩһL@һc(din)еġ족ǡһNȫ˵鲼ȫ?yn)ٔ?sh)λĪ(d)þڽy(tng)@(g)硱
족߀ǡWޡ̎Wҫ˵Ĺx(gu)ҸƷS[3]
F(xin)ڣɆ}ķʽȫһˣȷijˏČٵijһr(sh)ǿԏwN(bio)־¼ҲijNɾ͵_һNȫǷԵķʽ綨ҕ֮顰Ausgangڡ·ՓvʷУżҲ̽ӑijNvʷM(jn)̵Դߴ_@NM(jn)̃(ni)ڵĿՓڌTӑՓɵֻ̽ӑP(gun)F(xin)r(sh)ԵĆ}ijNwԻKOĿĞA(ch)F(xin)ijNcʲôӵIJ
3. Ҳڴ̽ӑ@ƪµļ(x)(ji)^mȻ̣sֻ̎̎c(din)c(din)ԼJ(rn)ҪɫԱ⿵P(gun)F(xin)ڵ܌W(xu)}
_xָ醢ġ·һ(g)҂ġ족B(ti)ų^̡fġ족ָĄt҂־ضB(ti)@NB(ti)ʹ҂?c)Ҫ\(yn)ԵI(lng)s˙(qun)(do)e(g)ӣ(dng)һ҂֪ԣ(dng)һλ҂(dng)һλt(y)҂Ҏ(gu)ʳ˕r(sh)҂̎ڲB(ti)֮Сڴ혱һ䣺mf±δ҂߀Ǻ@c(din)u(png)ζôfҎ(gu)ˆɵnj־(qun)͌(du)Ե\(yn)@(lin)ϵļȴP(gun)ϵijND(zhun)׃
҂Ҳע±@һ·ķʽஔ(dng)ġ@·һNF(xin)һNM(jn)֮е^Ҳһ(xing)΄(w)һ(xing)x(w)_xָ˂(yng)(du)IJB(ti)ؓ(f)؟(z)҂òƶֻԼ׃Լܔ[Ó@NB(ti)ֵעJ(rn)@һһlxĿ̖(ho)F(xin)@̖(ho)һNʾ(bio)־ijN˂ԓ(j)R(sh)e
߀һlԣһl˂ÁʾԼh˵Ľ̌(do)ô@̌(do)ʲôAude sapereJ(rn)R(sh)Ҫȥ֪͛Qġ҂횼Ȱцһ(g)wc^ҕһ(xing)֮ɂ(g)ɵО˼ԓ^̵Ę(gu)Ҫֳ䮔(dng)@ͬһ(g)^̵Є(dng)c@һ^̣ԓ^еЄ(dng)^̵İl(f)˂QɞԸЄ(dng)ߞǰ
µ@F(xin)˵c(din)y(du)Menschheit@(g)~ʹ÷ʽ֪ڿµĚvʷ^У@һ(g)ҪZ҂Ƿ(yng)ԓ@ô⣺ȫwˆ^@Nrô҂횰цɿӰ푵μ(hu)B(ti)һNvʷ׃҂ǷҲ@⣺dž׃ʹ@ԣ@漰һ(g)}@׃ʲôڴ˽oĻشஔ(dng)?sh)ĺôf@}ƺ(ni)sஔ(dng)(f)s
Ҏ(gu)ҪÓIJB(ti)횾߂c(din)ǰǾԵģƶԵЂ⺭⺭
һc(din)ǰᣬ_^(q)ַĵI(lng)c\(yn)ԵI(lng)Þ֪ıҪֻܷҪظ˲B(ti)
܊¼o(j)ɡΙ(qun)ڽ̙(qun)ͨʹľ@N˼SʽҪ_(d)B(ti)ٱҪ֮r(sh)ڱ֪MԸ\(yn)ԁ˼Sĕr(sh)҂ע̎ԭʹõĵ~ǡräsonierenСҲ^@(g)~ָ(du)ԵһN\(yn)njָһN\(yn)ԵضʽԄeoĿ\(yn)Զ\(yn)ԡԼĶͬr(sh)Ը̽ӑ{ƶ
λMԼ̅^(q)ķ(w)֮؟(z)ڽ̽xɵ\(yn)ͨ^@ЩƺȫǬСµDV҂_(d)B(ti)Ę(bio)־
҂ܕ(hu)@]ʲôer֪16o(j)ԁһֱ@ӵ⺭һ(g)ֻҪ횷ĵģ͑(yng)Ը˼ę(qun)Ҳ@һc(din)ijNஔ(dng)˳@ķʽһN^(q)Ե˽\(yn)c_\(yn)^Sa(b)Ծ乫_\(yn)öԱɵ˽\(yn)Ät(yng)혏ĵ˼v@ͨ^֪෴
҂ٱ횰ц}ø_Щ(du)fʲô(gu)ˌ(du)Ե˽\(yn)һ(g)I(lng)˽\(yn)ԣJ(rn)(dng)˳ˡC(j)ϵһwX݆r(sh)(du)Ե\(yn)þ˽µ\(yn)@Ҳf(dng)(hu)аijNɫǏij(xing)ʿ{(hu)͕r(sh)(hu)һ(g)h(hun)(ji)
ɴ˰l(f)F(xin)Լ̎һ(g)λòضҎ(gu)tضĿ@ôfҪ˂һζäҪ?c)\(yn)Լԕr(sh)Ҫm(yng)@ЩҎ(gu)r
ҲfԱ횏Č]ľwĿ@һc(din)ϣ҂fԲκɵ\(yn)
һ(dng)ijֻǞ\(yn)ԼԶ\(yn)ԣ(dng)һ(g)\(yn)ԵڣǙC(j)ϵһwX݆\(yn)еһT@r(sh)Ե\(yn)þͱȻ(yng)ԓɺ_ɲHHǂ(g)J(rn)R(sh)Լ˼ɫ@ñϵ^(dng)(du)ձ顢_\(yn)ñ˴˯Bһĕr(sh)ɲŕ(hu)F(xin)
@҂Ȼͱ회(du)µĂ(g)}҂Լ˼ɰl(f)F(xin)(du)Եձ\(yn)ã[Óκ˽˵Ŀģ邀(g)ww飻
ͬ҂Ҳܺؿ@N\(yn)÷ʽοԲܵκ|(zh)һNķʽõC(du)ǷNԵĹ_\(yn)εõC҂Ҋɲ(yng)ԓεӰ푵ȫwĿw^Ҳ(yng)ԓHHҕ邀(g)Ҏ(gu)ijNx(w)F(xin)һ(g)Ά}F(xin)ʲôr}P(gun)IҪڂ(g)˶M֔(jn)طĵr(du)Ե\(yn)܉ȡҪĹ_ʽ֪ěQ܉ڴͥV֮µõ؞أڽY(ji)β̎ԎȫĴoҴsһĽh҂ԷQ֮cԌ֮sthe contract of rational despotism with free reason(du)Թ_ɵ\(yn)ɞĵѱ(dng)Ȼ@߀üһ(xing)lЩ횵õĵԭt횷ձ
҂(du)µӑՓһҽzoJ(rn)@ƪ³ֱˆ
Ҳ]һλvʷW(xu)ҕ(hu)J(rn)(du)18o(j)ĩ(hu)cĻD(zhun)͵ķ˝M
ԒmM@ƪľwҲ^̧ڿwеĵλбҪ(qing){(dio)@ƪcС֮gP(gun)(lin)(sh)Hǰцһ(g)vʷD(zhun)c(din)moment@һc(din)ϣ_ʼ\(yn)ԼκΙ(qun)
F(xin)ǡǡ@(g)D(zhun)c(din)ϣ҂Ҫ?yn)е΄?w)ڴ_(dng)\(yn)ԵǰlĶ_҂֪ʲô҂ʲô҂ֿϣʲônj(du)ԵIJ(dng)\(yn)ϻXl(f)˽̗lxɣheteronomy
ֻ_(dng)\(yn)Եԭtܴ֮_ԵɣautonomyijNxρfӛdچ܉E
^fһ(g)еĕr(sh)
J(rn)飬֮߀бҪ(qing){(dio)@ƪc(du)vʷՓ֮gP(gun)(lin)@Щஔ(dng)̶Ͽfڴ_r(sh)gă(ni)ںĿԼvʷڅĽKc(din)(c(din)̎xһ)
@(du)ɵķ͌@Nvʷ綨ijB(ti)M(jn)(j)w\(yn)(dng)λF(xin)r(sh)ԡ^@Nͬr(sh)Ҳʾÿһ(g)@һضĚvʷD(zhun)c(din)Ă(g)wζijNضʽГ(dn)@һw^̵؟(z)Ρ
҃AJ(rn)ijNxρf@ƪ̎Է˼͚vʷ˼Ľc(din)ǿ(du)ԼI(y)ĬF(xin)r(sh)Եķ˼һλ܌W(xu)һ(g)ضĚvʷD(zhun)c(din)ԼµĹoԼ@oɲǵһΡҿһλ܌W(xu)@Nă(ni)ֵзʽ̽ԼĹ(du)֪R(sh)xַ˼˚vʷ߀wԼڌҲ֮ǂ(g)ضĚvʷD(zhun)c(din)߽Y(ji)һ@ǵһڰѡ족ͬr(sh)vʷеIJһNض܌W(xu)΄(w)C(j)ķ˼Ҳ@ƪµ·f֮̎
J(rn)@Ӂ@ƪ£҂͕(hu)J(rn)R(sh)һNl(f)c(din)ĸòԷQ֮F(xin)ԵđB(ti)
II.
֪˂(jng)ѬF(xin)fһ(g)r(sh)ǘ(bio)־һ(g)r(sh)һϵԡͬF(xin)Եľ궨λ֮ǰһ(g)ЩɻfǰF(xin)֮tijNĪy(c)˓^ĺF(xin)ԡɴ҂l(f)F(xin)ԼF(xin)Ƿ(gu)ˆɵĺl(f)չǷ(yng)ҕ錦(du)18o(j)ԭtĔѻƫx
^µ@ƪҲʲô҂ܰѬF(xin)ԸĿһNB(ti)һΚvʷr(sh)^B(ti)ȡָһNcF(xin)r(sh)l(f)P(gun)(lin)ģʽһNijЩԸx֮һN˼XОeֹķʽ̎̎wF(xin)ijNwP(gun)ϵF(xin)һ(xing)΄(w)oc(din)ϣDfľ|(zh)ethosJ(rn)(du)҂fІʾxIJڌF(xin)cǰF(xin)F(xin)^(q)_Ŭ̽F(xin)ԵđB(ti)γʼ̎cNF(xin)ԡB(ti)ȵĠ(zhn)֮
ҴһλDzɺԵ@NF(xin)ԵđB(ti)?yn)˂VJ(rn)(du)F(xin)ԵXR(sh)19o(j)JR(sh)֮һDzR
1. ˂(jng)ѬF(xin)Ը錦(du)r(sh)gķBm(x)ԵXR(sh)cy(tng)ěQ(du)·fУڲȥĕr(sh)ǰѣ(dng)RF(xin)Խ綨顰^̕żȻ[4]ĕr(sh)_(d)ƺ@(g)˼ҪɞF(xin)J(rn)R(sh)@Noֹ\(yn)(dng)ᘌ(du)@һ\(yn)(dng)ȡijNضB(ti)ijNĖ|ȲڬF(xin)ڕr(sh)֮⣬ҲڬF(xin)֮ڬF(xin)֮ڌ(du)@֮²֮wF(xin)đB(ti)ȡF(xin)Բͬڕr(sh)ֻڌ(du)r(sh)g
F(xin)@һNB(ti)ٳ˂լF(xin)r(sh)СӢۡһF(xin)Բnj(du)ڶ̕wŵĬF(xin)ڵУnjF(xin)ڡӢۻ־
ҌHӑՓRP(gun)cͬr(sh)Lˇg(sh)u(png)ՓͲRͬr(sh)Щ҂J(rn)19o(j)ķªֻLŴ۹RȡЦLеĬF(xin)ԲwF(xin)ڰѺρF(xin)܌ɫYF(xin)顰҂r(sh)ķ֪̎r(sh)յĕr(sh)҂ĕr(sh)c֮g|(zh)ö]֮ȥP(gun)ϵ@βͺ²HwF(xin)ձƽȵ߀бF(xin)`Ԋ@һLКʬˣ隚ʬΚʬYa(chn)A(j)ʬˡ҂eijNY[5]@NF(xin)ԵđB(ti)RЕr(sh)ʹgӿ϶oӖ(xn)ԵʽζLسʬF(xin)o҂ゃo(qun)ҕF(xin)ڡ
2.@NӢۻoǷSԵġF(xin)ԵđB(ti)Ȳ(hu)Sֲȥĕr(sh)̻?q)û̧ߵʥλ?dng)Ȼoڌȥĕr(sh)̮(dng)һD(zhun)˲ŵ@DZDzRԸQ֮^ߣspectatorˑB(ti)@Щߣflneur@Щo¡e^MڱԼ۾һLӛă(ch)c@Щ෴R@LF(xin)Եˣ@߰ܰҰԿ϶@(g)@(g)лSĹª(d)@(g)Ƭ̲ͣشԽ嫵ԻĮΚvһ(g)ȼ߸ЩĿģձͬSԿvŵĿڌijNSҷQ֮\"F(xin)ԡԡяĕr(sh)гȡ[ښvʷеԊԵҪĹ[6]Rؕ˹(dng)?sh)Constantin GuysF(xin)Եһ(g)䷶һ(g)^һ(g)ղߵ^֮κW(dng)ԊS(dng)ĵط
κεطֻҪһNԳʬF(xin)ǰֻҪȻ˺͂y(tng)˳F(xin)һNصֻ֮ҪꖹҫˉĄ(dng)depraved animal˲gĿ옷[7]
҂Ʉee(cu)ؕ˹(dng)?sh)ɲһ(g)
R֮һܳĬF(xin)ң?yn)?dng)(g)(mng)l(xing)ĕr(sh)s_ʼ˹׃ǂ(g)ò(do)µĸ׃ȡF(xin)(sh)ǬF(xin)(sh)cɵУexercise֮gһN(f)s
ȻĖ|ֹȻĖ|Ҳֹ(g)wČ(du)ǡxһNģ(chung)ߵ`һӵijM[8](du)ڬF(xin)ԵđB(ti)ȶF(xin)ڵSr(ji)ֵc@һN(du)ĘOȿֲ_ģѬF(xin)cͬĖ|ǴݚF(xin)ڣͨ^լF(xin)ĠB(ti)׃F(xin)ڲRĬF(xin)У(du)F(xin)(sh)ĘOP(gun)עڴˌ(du)(yng)һNɵČ(sh)`nj(du)@һF(xin)(sh)nj(du)@һF(xin)(sh)ě_
3. Ȼ(du)RfF(xin)ԲHHcF(xin)ڵһNP(gun)ϵʽ߀DZc_P(gun)ϵһNP(gun)ϵʽF(xin)ԌݵđB(ti)ȾSϵһNxĿxҪɞF(xin)ǷǵóJ(rn)Լڶ̕wŵĕr(sh)֮ҪԼ(dng)ijN(du)Dy(f)sľҲDzRǕr(sh)ĕr(sh)dԒQʎӣdandysmeҲڴһһ@ЩV֪ՓՓֱӵıԡ
Փɻȱҷ
Փ(yu)Žu˱ɲڽ߀ҪƵĽ(qing)ڡ̎sIJͽϡ
߀ՓʎӵĿxͨ^ԼwОXw汾׃һˇg(sh)ƷڲRF(xin)˵˲ȥl(f)Լl(f)ܺ[挍(sh)ҪȥŬ(chung)Լ@NF(xin)ԲҪ˱Ĵ֮нԼʹ挦(du)Լ΄(w)
4. a(b)һڲR(du)F(xin)ڷSʽӢۻ׃F(xin)(sh)òΑʽČ(du)ҵľ죬@Щ(hu)wжռʲôλֻһ(g)ͬI(lng)ó(chung)R@(g)I(lng)Qˇg(sh)
Ҳͨ^@Ȏׂ(g)c(din)ܸ18o(j)ĩڵĆ@һ(f)sĚvʷ¼^ȥăɂ(g)o(j)ԸNĿF(xin)ĬF(xin)ԵđB(ti)
һֱڏ(qing){(dio)ɷĆ}һһNض͵܌W(xu)ʲôӵij̶ϸֲچ@N֮£cF(xin)ڵP(gun)ϵ˵ĚvʷģʽԼһ(g)wҵĘ(gu)һһ{놖}I(lng)
һԌ҂c(lin)Y(ji)}j(lu)ؽ̗lԭtڲ༤ijNB(ti)ȣijN܌W(xu)ľ|(zh)҂Ԍ錦(du)҂̎vʷr(sh)ijֺСҴdzԵعһ@N|(zh)
A. Է
1. @N|(zh)ζܗ^Č(du)ɵġ֡ҿ҂Ȼஔ(dng)هһϵ(jng)(j)(hu)ƶȼĻ¼(gu)һ(g)Ѓ(yu)ȵλķI(lng)
һ(xing)M(jn)cɵĚvʷֱ(lin)Y(ji)I(y)(gu)һ(g)҂ڿ]܌W(xu)}
_܌W(xu)˼SһNضʽͨ^µDʾ@һc(din)
@fǵÌ(du)ɱʾǔѵr(chng)ǡǡζ횾ܗһпܕ(hu)ijNλČxʽF(xin)(chng)Ҫô܆ɲxy(tng)ЩJ(rn)@ǿ϶Եg(sh)ZһЩ˄tָ؟(z)eˣҪôІɣŬ[Óԭt(du)˂ͬǰHһ҂?ni)ֻǰѡqCġ(x)e뒶sȻ_(jng)ܰЩҪصă(yu)߀δܔ[Ó@N
҂ŬijN̶ϣɚvʷĴطԼ@ӵķ(yng)ԓһϵбMܾ(x)ĚvʷǻԵָԵı|(zh)(ni)ˡessential kernel of rationalityȻԵĮ(dng)ޡcontemporary limits of the necessaryǰ߿چҵκr¶(yng)ԓõS֣
Ҳnj(du)w҂Ę(gu)ɶǻDzxЩ|
2. ˵x[9]cɃ֮gױһڌ(du)҂M(jn)гm(x)Еr(sh)횱@һc(din)҂ʼKӛһ(g)һϵ¼һϵЏ(f)sĚvʷ^̣λښW(hu)l(f)չ^ijһضĹ(ji)c(din)֮ɱ(hu)D(zhun)͵Ҫأƶȵ֪ͣR(sh)ʽ֪R(sh)c(sh)`(dng)Ի^̵Ӌ(j)g(sh)ϵͻ׃Ҷh(yun)ֹһɷN]һԒvȻ@ЩF(xin)SֱԺҪQҿֻЌ(du)F(xin)ڵķ˼P(gun)(lin)ģʽ(g)܌W(xu)˼ʽ(j)
˵xtcȫͬһ(xing)}ߣ_еfһϵ}(jng)Lĕr(sh)gڶ(g)(chng)֮ښW(hu)ﷴ(f)F(xin)ҿǠϵr(ji)ֵД@Щ}ă(ni)Sֵăr(ji)ֵ^϶H@ľ߀һֱ䮔(dng)һNԵą^(q)ԭt17o(j)˵xF(xin)錦(du)̵л?q)ڽ̵ĿwһNcϵՓɫh(yun)Ŀʽ˵x(du)Ļ˵x19o(j)tЌ(du)ƌW(xu)օu(png)B(ti)ȵđՓ˵xc֮෴ČԼϣĸͬһNƌW(xu)ϵ˵xR˼xһN˵xxc˸x˂߀ôһΕr(sh)g(jng)o(h)(hu)xwF(xin)˵xr(ji)ֵ^Ǖr(sh)˹xҲf˵x
҂^ܾʹJ(rn)飬(jng)c˵xBĖ|ҪܗǑ(yng)ԓY(ji)@ӵJ(rn)R(sh)P(gun)˵xӑՓ}̫^`̫^s̫ȱһ؞֮Ė|m鷴˼ą(zhn)(sh)ُ17o(j)ԁ^˵xĖ|һֱهһЩڽƌW(xu)Ų^P(gun)˵^˵xþbc(din)(yn)CP(gun)˵^ôfԺߞ
ˣ@һP(gun)(lin)(j)е҂ᘌ(du)ԼֺĄ(chung)(j)@ӵԭtچP(gun)ĚvʷR(sh)̎ںĵλԭt(du)@(g)lط(f)F(xin)һ؞˵xеӑՓ}@һ(chng)l(f)҃AJ(rn)c˵x֮gһNP(gun)ϵͬһP(gun)ϵ
J(rn)ʲôrc˵x@ߓһΣU(xin)
ĚvʷĽǶȁ@ҲDz_еfP(gun)˵xߵĆ}(g)18o(j)ﶼҪλԒJ(rn)@f?yn)醢ҕһN˵xͬr(sh)ҲбҪע(g)19o(j)(du)ʥ˹@ӵˁfdzҪĞ16o(j)˵xޚvʷĹcɺ18o(j)ʼKÓxģЕr(sh)_(du)19o(j)ҲЃA?q)c˵x@ߌ(du)(c(din)̎xһ)
̶ٲdڌһăA
ôfJ(rn)飬҂횏ġ(du)ɷǔѡ֪ϺϵĒЌҽÓһ҂Ҳ횔[Ó˵x}cɆ}һՄ@һNښvʷ͵x϶Ļy^҂Ҫ(du)҂(du)ԼԼ^ȥXR(sh)ô(du)c˵x֮g^ȥɂ(g)o(j)ď(f)sP(gun)ϵM(jn)оͲʧһ(xing)HЃr(ji)ֵҪn}
B. ϶Է
MҪA(y)@Щ}挦(du)һN܌W(xu)ľ|(zh)Ė|҂@Ȼ߀x߿϶Եă(ni)@N܌W(xu)|(zh)(jng)P(gun)҂ijNvʷwՓڌ(du)҂˼֮
1.Ԍ@N܌W(xu)|(zh)һNޑB(ti)ȡlimit-attitude҂F(xin)ڲӑՓһNܗˑB(ti)҂ò[Óⲿһ(ni)@һǴ˼˵xò̎߅(sh)HɌ(du)ķc˼MɵȻµĆ}ڣJ(rn)R(sh)savoirʲô֪R(sh)connaissanceòŗԽexceeding
ôҿP(gun)I}tD(zhun)ijN϶ԵĆ}Щձ顢Ȼx(w)҂ϵĖ|Щڪ(d)żȻsĮa(chn)Ė|ռ(j)ʲôӵλ֮}P(gun)IڣԱȻԽʽչ_УD(zhun)ijNԽfranchissementʽF(xin)Č(sh)`
@(do)һN@ҊĺвԌձr(ji)ֵʽY(ji)(gu)ĿĵČ(sh)`չ_ijЩ¼Ěvʷ@Щ¼(jng)(do)҂(gu)҂˼ԵwJ(rn)R(sh)@(g)x@NвdzԽԵĿ(bio)ҲڴٳһNζόW(xu)ǾVϵW(xu)ķͿŌW(xu)ķ֮f@NǿŌW(xu)(yn)Խ?yn)IJڴ_֪R(sh)connaissanceпܵĵЄ(dng)ձY(ji)(gu)ڌ_(d)҂˼ԼԒZ(sh)˷Ěvʷ¼̽ӑ
ͬr(sh)֮f@NVϵW(xu)?yn)ٸ?j)҂ǵʽݳ҂֪Ė|ʹ҂ɞ҂ǵǷNżȻԣcontingencyxijNԁ@N҂Բ҂˼ȥȥȥ˼
@NЌڴٳijNKɞƌW(xu)ζόW(xu)MV؞鲻_Č(du)ɵṩµĴل(dng)
2.Ȼ҂MP(gun)ɵĔԻJ(rn)@NvʷһԵđB(ti)߀횾߂䌍(sh)(yn)Ե|(zh)ҵ˼f@Nᘌ(du)҂չ_Ĺһ_һ(g)µĚvʷI(lng)һ߀ҪF(xin)(sh)realityF(xin)r(sh)lactualitM(jn)Йz(yn)@ɷ涼ðվ߂l(f)׃ĿcҪԵЩP(gun)(ji)c(din)__е׃ʽ@fP(gun)҂ĚvʷwՓ횔[ÓQձԻصԵӋ(j)䌍(sh)҂(j)(jng)(yn)֪^Ҫ[ÓF(xin)r(sh)ĿwrԱƶP(gun)һN(hu)һ˼ʽһNĻһ^ĿwI@Nֻ܌(do)ЩΣU(xin)Ăy(tng)ď(f)
ҌԸxijЩwضD(zhun)ʽ^ȥ20CijЩ^(q)߂ԣ҂c˼ķʽc(qun)P(gun)(lin)֮gP(gun)ϵԼ҂dcķʽ
ҲԸxЩԴښvʷc(sh)`B(ti)֮g(lin)ϵIJԵD(zhun)ԸЩⲻ^ƶ(g)20o(j)һ؏(f)˵˵ĻI
mᘌ(du)҂бwՓ@N܌W(xu)|(zh)錦(du)Щ҂пԽĽM(jn)еһNvʷһ(sh)`Եęz(yn)ĶҲ҂Լ(du)ɴڵ_չĹ
3. ⣬®hoȫеģ҂Լ@NʼKDzֲֵz(yn)סy(hu)бԼȟoR(sh)֟oƵĸձԵĽY(ji)(gu)ҵΣU(xin)
(du)@(g)}Ѓc(din)ؑ(yng)҂Ĵ_òʹ˷ŗõP(gun)ڿܘ(gu)҂vʷĖ|κ_֪R(sh)connaissance(j)@N^c(din)(du)ԼĽԼԽ@ЩĿ҂?c)Փ͌?sh)`ɷw(yn)ʼKڽc(ni)
f҂Ǖ(hu)»صl(f)c(din)
Ȼ@fеĹֻڟożȻĠB(ti)֮չ_҂̽ӑ@(xing)һϵy(tng)ԡͬ|(zh)ԼP(gun)I
1P(gun)I
@ЩP(gun)I}wF(xin)ڿɷQ֮顰c(qun)֮gP(gun)ϵՓ֮҂֪18o(j)wϻһoĂZϣԼg(sh)(du)l(f)Ӱc(g)w(du)˵ͬr(sh)f(xi){(dio)LA(ch)M(jn)҂߀Կ(g)(hu)ĚvʷУ@ȡcZɘ(gu)Ҫ@һc(din)ҲS(d)صĚvʷ\(yn)ĸԴ@\(yn)˵⮐c(hu)׃܉E˵eôľձ֧ĵλF(xin)LcԵL@֮gP(gun)ϵɲ18o(j)(hu)J(rn)ôΡ҂Մ?w)Խ?jng)(j)Ŀ(bio)a(chn)߀(hu){(dio)؞ּƶֻǸNԱͨļg(sh)҂ѽ(jng)l(f)F(xin)
ʽӵļg(sh)f˶Nӵę(qun)P(gun)ϵ缯wԻ(g)wԵļo(j)ԇҵę(qun)(hu)۾Ӆ^(q)ʹҎ(gu)f}P(gun)ILβܔ[Ó(qun)P(gun)ϵď(qing)
2ͬ|(zh)
@͌҂ˌ(du)ɷQ֮顰(sh)`ϵy(tng)I(lng)Ŀ졣҂?c)ڴfͬ|(zh)˂(du)ijʬF(xin)Ҳ(du)һo֪ěQėlµă(ni)cʽf˂µļg(sh)һ棬MԼ·ʽЩʽ
@Щ(sh)`(dng)Եһtڮ(dng)?c)@Щ(sh)`ϵy(tng)r(sh)(du)ɵ،(du)(yng)׃ΑҎ(gu)t߂@Щg(sh)c@һ(sh)`I(lng)Ծʹ˴_@ЩvʷһԷͬ|(zh)
3ϵy(tng)
@Щ(sh)`ϵy(tng)Դ(g)VI(lng)(du)ĿƵP(gun)ϵ(du)˵Є(dng)P(gun)ϵԼ(du)ԼP(gun)ϵ@f@(g)I(lng)˴֮goP(gun)(lin)֪(du)Ŀc˵P(gun)ϵнģc˵P(gun)ϵֿǕ(hu)浽cԼP(gun)ϵ֮ȻȻ҂Ҫ]֪R(sh)(qun)c@(g)SԵ|(zh)Լ֮gP(gun)(lin)QԒfP(gun)҂ĚvʷwՓòشһϵ_ԵĆ}SS@Щԏ(f)sxҲԾwͿ҂x(hu)漰ϵy(tng)Ć}҂?ni)α?gu)֪R(sh)w҂?ni)α?gu)ʹ(qun)P(gun)ϵڙ(qun)P(gun)ϵw҂α(gu)Є(dng)ĵw
4ձԡ
һc(din)b@ЩvʷһԵ뿼ʼK(zhn)ijһwزr(sh)Č(sh)`cԒZwϵfǷdzw_پ҂Ե(hu)@ЩR}ձ?yn)؏?f)@҂ĕr(sh)ǽȫce(cu)y֮gP(gun)ϵc֮gP(gun)ϵc֮gP(gun)ϵԼP(gun)ϵĽɫȵ
Ȼ@NձJ(rn)ͨ^Խr(sh)gȵijvʷBm(x)ԣ҂Ҫ̽ӑĆ}ҲJ(rn)̽ĸN׃҂횰յ҂(du)̽ӑĆ}˽̶֮ʹę(qun)ʽ
҂֮ͨ^ijNضĆ}problematization_Nw(du)Є(dng)Ҏ(gu)tԼcԼP(gun)ϵĸNģʽеP(gun)Ľ(jng)(yn)tֻܽ(gu)Ěvʷ}^̼ȷW(xu)xϵijB(ti)ҲǾʷ|(zh)ϵ׃҂ÿ솖}ĸNģʽ[(modes de) problmatizations]ԱN(yn)Ěvʷ(d)ʽеձ⺭
һY(ji)ص¡Ҳ֪҂Ƿ܉_(d)B(ti)µijSཛ(jng)(yn)ʹ҂ɵĚvʷ¼δʹ҂ɞij҂Ҳδ_(d)@ӵĠB(ti)Dzôfҿͨ^˼ɶ(gu)Č(du)F(xin)c҂xJ(rn)^ȥăɂ(g)o(j)µķ˼һֱǷNʧҪԻЧԵ܌W(xu)˼Sʽ҂(dng)Ȼ܌P(gun)бwՓҕһNՓҲܰһײeе֪R(sh)wϵǑ(yng)ԓһNB(ti)һN|(zh)һN܌W(xu)@NB(ti)|(zh)܌W(xu)֮(du)҂֮(ni)ͬr(sh)ҲɞP(gun)ڏ(qing)ӽo҂ĽĚvʷɞԽ@ЩĿԣde leur franchissement possibleČ(sh)(yn)
҂횰@N܌W(xu)B(ti)D(zhun)QN΄(w)@Щķ߉ھCϲÿŌW(xu)VϵW(xu)ķͬr(sh)鼼g(sh)ԵͺͲԵΑČ(sh)`(dng)
@ЩՓ߉ڴ_҂c˼P(gun)ϵձܵ}̎Ěvʷ(d)ʽ
@ЩgČ(sh)`߉tP(gun)עvʷһԷ˼w(sh)`(dng)ćLԇz(yn)֮е^Ҳ֪Ƿڽ@ôfе΄(w)Ȼ(du)چɵ
҈(jin)J(rn)@һ΄(w)Ҫ҂ĽޣQ֮@һ(xing)ҪĵĄwF(xin)҂(du)ɵĿa patient labor giving form to our impatience for liberty
עጣ
[1] Phädon; oder, ber die Unsterblichkeit der Seele, PhädonD(du)Ԓ䛡쳶ƪ(ni)ϵՓ`ԣgע
[2] Haskalaq̫fġɡھwZеġSekhelreasonintellect18o(j)19o(j)КWc|W^(q)W\(yn)(dng)Ӱ푣һ(chng)Ļ\(yn)(dng)HaskalaĿ(bio)Ҫq̫B(yng)܉wF(xin)q̫̺һĻľC܉ͨxĘ(bio)(zhn)Ќݾձx˵xUጵǷNT ҪĴq̫彛(jng)gɵģF(xin)W(xu)ձJ(rn)q̫F(xin)Ǐ18o(j)ġHaskala_ʼġ˂Ĵ˲ٱ(dng)صȴِ_ʼeOڬF(xin)Уÿ(g)˵һУĂ(g)˻Č(sh)F(xin)(dng)Ȼ@߀漰S}˺ĬP(gun)ӑՓɅҊcZġqCġqxҪأɵĽޡһҊl(wi)||Ⱦg˺ĬϺh(yun)|1997桪gע
[3] Giambattista VicoThe New Science of Giambattista Vico, 3rd ed., (1744), abridged trans. T. G. Bergen and M. H. Fisch (Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press, 1970), pp. 370, 372. Ӣgעgē(j)S¡¿ƌW(xu)❓ḡ(w)ӡ^1989棬594596퓡gע
[4] Charles Baudelaire, The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays, trans. Jonathan Mayne (London: Phaidon, 1964), p. 13. Ӣgעgē(j)F(xin)ĮҡĹ(ji)F(xin)ԡڡRW(xu)Փx갲gČW(xu)1987棬485퓡gע
[5] Charles Baudelaire, On the Heroism of Modern Life, in The Mirror of Art: Critical Studies by Charles Baudelaire, trans. Jonathan Mayne (London: Phaidon, 1955), p. 127. Ӣgעgąһɳʮ˹(ji)ՓF(xin)Ӣۡͬϕ301иĄ(dng)gע
[6] gľCυ갲gRW(xu)Փx484퓼gģ֞©g(ni)ݡgע
[7] gē(j)갲gRW(xu)Փx483иĄ(dng)gעdepraved animalRڡՓƽȵԴͻA(ch)Ќ˼ĠB(ti)һNȻĠB(ti)˼һ^ҰFgע
[8] ɅҊgͬϕ484퓡gע
[9] Humanismһ~SwĚvʷc֪R(sh)龳IJͬɷքeg˵x˱x͡xͱĶ16o(j)ġHumanism(yng)g顰x18o(j)ġHumanismtg顰˵x@һόa(chn)y҂һg顰˵xͬr(sh)Ѵעԓ~Ěvʷ׃gע
c(din)x