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£ʲôdž

l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-02 Դ: ӛȫ c(din)

gߣ Уߣߣ

}עĸ(j)Catherine PorterӢgWhat is Enlightenment?Paul RabinowM. Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, The New Press, 1997, pp. 303-319.g(j)ıУӆDits et ecritsvol. IV., pp. 562-578, \"Quest-ce que les Lumieres?, Paris, Gallimard, 1994

I.

죬мs־Լx߂һ(g)}@ôĿֻᘌ(du)ÿ(g)˶ѽ(jng)Ҋijһ(xing)}ԃҊ˵óʲô–|Dz̫ܵ18o(j)ľ݋tϲg򹫱ЩПoQkĆ}Ҳ֪@N(x)TǷЧһc(din)Կ϶(hu)

ôfc@NL(fng)협(yng)178411£@ôһҵ‡ڿ¿dˌ(du)һ(g)}Ĵ(f)}ǣʲôdž(f)ߣ

@SֻƪС¡ҿ(bio)־Ȼij(g)}˼ʷ(du)@(g)}F(xin)܌W(xu)ț]شҲδɹԔ[Ó@(g)}ɰһֱԶNͬʽ؏(f)Ժڸ_ʼg(jng)^ɻR˹fȻ󵽻˺ĬؐR˹׺]һN܌W(xu)ܻر@ͬһ(g)}òijNֱӻgӵķʽ挦(du)ô@(g)Q醢ɣAufklärung¼@(g)һ̶ϛQ҂ǡ˼¼ʲô҂O(sh)һ¿Ȼx߂ԃ@һ(g)}ʲôǬF(xin)܌W(xu)S҂Ҳ(hu)ƵķʽF(xin)܌W(xu)@һN܌W(xu)һֱڱMԇDشɰǰdzQ(mo)Ȼǂ(g)}ʲôdž

҂M(fi)c(din)µôc(din)ԭֵ҂P(gun)ע

1. HHڿ´İl(f)ăɂ(g)ǰM. T ɣMoses MendelssohnҲͬһs־(f)ͬһ(g)}^׫ԼĴ(f)r(sh)δxǰߵ‡܌W(xu)\(yn)(dng)(dng)ȻǡÏһ_ʼq̫Ļ°l(f)չġT ɺRһڴǰs30ѽ(jng)ǂ(g)c(din)ֱǕr(sh)}߀ֻǞq̫Ļڵ‡˼бٳһϯ֮أRġq̫ˡо^@NLԇҪǴ_q̫˼c‡܌W(xu)ͬRĆ}@T ڡ쳶`Փ`IJࡷ[1]ͨ^¿Ͽd@ƪ£˂_ʼJ(rn)R(sh)ZеġAufklärungھwZġHaskalaͬһ(g)vʷ@ɂ(g)~Ŭ_a(chn)Ĺͬ^SҲǽQijNͬ\(yn)[2]F(xin)҂֪(hu)(do)ӵı

2. Ȼԭ߀HHoՓ߀Ǿ(g)̂y(tng)(ni)ĵ뵶һ(g)†}

@(dng)Ȼ܌W(xu)˼һԇD˼ĬF(xin)ڣpresentwԣ҂f@N˼ǰҪȡNʽ

(1) ԌF(xin)ڱ@(g)һ(g)ضr(sh)ͨ^ijЩ(ni)ڵԅ^(q)er(sh)ͨ^ijЩ¼cr(sh)x@NJ(rn)R(sh)ڰDġμƪУ(du)ԒJ(rn)R(sh)Լ̎Щѭh(hun)еһ(g)@(g)ѭh(hun)֮u(hu)Bl(f)NӵķԺ

(2) ͨ^@һNŬ(du)F(xin)|(zh)ԃԇDĬF(xin)֮нxijһ¼A(y)ʾԘ(bio)־ڴ҂յijNvʷጌW(xu)ԭtW˹ԮԞ

(3) ߀ԌF(xin)ij(g)D(zhun)c(din)Sڡ¿ƌW(xu)ĩһL@һc(din)еġ족ǡһNȫ˵鲼ȫ?yn)ٔ?sh)λĪ(d)þڽy(tng)@(g)硱
족߀ǡWޡ̎Wҫ˵Ĺx(gu)ҸƷS[3]

F(xin)ڣɆ}ķʽȫһˣȷijˏČٵijһr(sh)ǿԏwN(bio)־¼ҲijNɾ͵_һN׺ȫǷԵķʽ綨ҕ֮顰Ausgangڡ·ՓvʷУżҲ̽ӑijNvʷM(jn)̵Դߴ_@NM(jn)̃(ni)ڵĿՓڌTӑՓɵֻ̽ӑP(gun)F(xin)r(sh)ԵĆ}ijNwԻKOĿĞA(ch)F(xin)ijNcʲôӵIJ

3. Ҳڴ̽ӑ@ƪµļ(x)(ji)^mȻ̣sֻ̎̎c(din)c(din)ԼJ(rn)ҪɫԱ⿵P(gun)F(xin)ڵ܌W(xu)}

_xָ醢ġ·һ(g)҂ġ족B(ti)ų^̡fġ족ָĄt҂־ضB(ti)@NB(ti)ʹ҂?c)Ҫ\(yn)ԵI(lng)s˙(qun)(do)e(g)ӣ(dng)һ҂֪ԣ(dng)һλ҂(dng)һλt(y)҂Ҏ(gu)ʳ˕r(sh)҂̎ڲB(ti)֮Сڴ혱һ䣺mf±δ҂߀Ǻ׿@c(din)u(png)ζôfҎ(gu)ˆɵnj־(qun)͌(du)Ե\(yn)@“(lin)ϵļȴP(gun)ϵijND(zhun)׃

҂Ҳע⵽±@һ·ķʽஔ(dng)ġ@·һNF(xin)һNM(jn)֮е^Ҳһ(xing)΄(w)һ(xing)x(w)_xָ˂(yng)(du)IJB(ti)ؓ(f)؟(z)҂òƶֻԼ׃Լܔ[Ó@NB(ti)ֵעJ(rn)@һһlxĿ̖(ho)F(xin)@̖(ho)һNʾ(bio)־ijN˂ԓ(j)໥R(sh)e
߀һlԣһl˂ÁʾԼh˵Ľ̌(do)ô@̌(do)ʲôAude sapereJ(rn)R(sh)Ҫȥ֪š͛Qġ҂횼Ȱцһ(g)wc^֌ҕһ(xing)š֮ɂ(g)ɵО˼ԓ^̵Ę(gu)Ҫֳ䮔(dng)@ͬһ(g)^̵Є(dng)c@һ^̣ԓ^еЄ(dng)^̵İl(f)˂QɞԸЄ(dng)ߞǰ

µ@F(xin)˵c(din)y(du)Menschheit@(g)~ʹ÷ʽ֪ڿµĚvʷ^У@һ(g)ҪZ҂Ƿ(yng)ԓ@ô⣺ȫwˆ^@Nrô҂횰цɿӰ푵μ(hu)B(ti)һNvʷ׃҂ǷҲ@⣺dž׃ʹ@ԣ@漰һ(g)}@׃ʲôڴ˽oĻشஔ(dng)?sh)ĺôf@}ƺ(ni)sஔ(dng)(f)s

Ҏ(gu)ҪÓIJB(ti)횾߂c(din)ǰǾԵģƶԵЂ⺭⺭

һc(din)ǰᣬ_^(q)ַĵI(lng)c\(yn)ԵI(lng)Þ֪ıҪֻܷҪظ˲B(ti)
܊¼o(j)ɡΙ(qun)ڽ̙(qun)ͨʹľ@N˼SʽҪ_(d)B(ti)ٱҪ֮r(sh)ڱ֪MԸ\(yn)ԁ˼Sĕr(sh)҂ע⵽̎ԭʹõĵ~ǡräsonierenСҲ^@(g)~ָ(du)ԵһN\(yn)njָһN\(yn)ԵضʽԄeoĿ\(yn)Զ\(yn)ԡԼĶͬr(sh)Ը̽ӑ{ƶ
λMԼ̅^(q)ķ(w)֮؟(z)ڽ̽xɵ\(yn)ͨ^@ЩƺȫǬСµDV҂_(d)B(ti)Ę(bio)־

҂ܕ(hu)@]ʲô؄er֪16o(j)ԁһֱ@ӵ⺭һ(g)ֻҪ횷ĵģ͑(yng)Ը˼ę(qun)Ҳ@һc(din)ijNஔ(dng)˳@ķʽһN^(q)Ե˽\(yn)c_\(yn)^Sa(b)Ծ乫_\(yn)öԱɵ˽\(yn)Ät(yng)혏ĵ˼v@ͨ^֪෴

҂ٱ횰ц}ø_Щ(du)fʲô(gu)ˌ(du)Ե˽\(yn)һ(g)I(lng)˽\(yn)ԣJ(rn)(dng)˳ˡC(j)ϵһwX݆r(sh)(du)Ե\(yn)þ˽µ\(yn)@Ҳf(dng)(hu)аijNɫǏij(xing)ʿ{񸦻(hu)͕r(sh)(hu)һ(g)h(hun)(ji)
ɴ˰l(f)F(xin)Լ̎һ(g)޶λòضҎ(gu)tضĿ@ôfҪ˂һζäҪ?c)\(yn)Լԕr(sh)Ҫm(yng)@ЩҎ(gu)r
ҲfԱ횏Č]ľwĿ@һc(din)ϣ҂fԲκɵ\(yn)

һ(dng)ijֻǞ\(yn)ԼԶ\(yn)ԣ(dng)һ(g)\(yn)ԵڣǙC(j)ϵһwX݆\(yn)еһT@r(sh)Ե\(yn)þͱȻ(yng)ԓɺ͹_ɲHHǂ(g)J(rn)R(sh)Լ˼ɫ@ñϵ^(dng)(du)ձ顢_\(yn)ñ˴˯Bһĕr(sh)ɲŕ(hu)F(xin)

@҂Ȼͱ회(du)µĂ(g)}҂Լ˼ɰl(f)F(xin)(du)Եձ\(yn)ã[Óκ˽˵Ŀģ邀(g)ww飻
ͬ҂Ҳܺ׵ؿ@N\(yn)÷ʽοԲܵκ|(zh)һN񶨵ķʽõC(du)ǷNԵĹ_\(yn)εõC҂Ҋɲ(yng)ԓεӰ푵ȫwĿw^Ҳ(yng)ԓHHҕ邀(g)Ҏ(gu)ijNx(w)F(xin)һ(g)Ά}F(xin)ʲôr}P(gun)IҪڂ(g)˶M֔(jn)طĵr(du)Ե\(yn)܉ȡҪĹ_ʽ֪ěQ܉ڴͥV֮µõ؞أڽY(ji)β̎Ԏ׺ȫĴoҴsһĽh҂ԷQ֮cԌ֮sthe contract of rational despotism with free reason(du)Թ_ɵ\(yn)ɞĵѱ(dng)Ȼ@߀üһ(xing)lЩ횵õĵԭt횷ձ

҂(du)µӑՓһҽzoJ(rn)@ƪ³ֱˆ
Ҳ]һλvʷW(xu)ҕ(hu)J(rn)(du)18o(j)ĩ(hu)cĻD(zhun)͵ķ˝M

ԒmM@ƪľwҲ^̧ڿwеĵλбҪ(qing){(dio)@ƪcС֮gP(gun)“(lin)(sh)Hǰцһ(g)vʷD(zhun)c(din)moment@һc(din)ϣ_ʼ\(yn)ԼκΙ(qun)
F(xin)ǡǡ@(g)D(zhun)c(din)ϣ҂Ҫ?yn)е΄?w)ڴ_(dng)\(yn)ԵǰlĶ_҂֪ʲô҂ʲô҂ֿϣʲônj(du)ԵIJ(dng)\(yn)ϻXl(f)˽̗lxɣheteronomy
ֻ_޶(dng)\(yn)Եԭt֮󣬲ܴ_ԵɣautonomyijNxρfӛdچ𲽳܉E
^fһ(g)еĕr(sh)

J(rn)飬֮߀бҪ(qing){(dio)@ƪc(du)vʷՓ֮gP(gun)“(lin)@Щஔ(dng)̶Ͽfڴ_r(sh)gă(ni)ںĿԼvʷڅĽKc(din)(c(din)̎xһ)

@(du)ɵķ͌@Nvʷ綨ijB(ti)M(jn)(j)w\(yn)(dng)λF(xin)r(sh)ԡ^@Nͬr(sh)Ҳʾÿһ(g)@һضĚvʷD(zhun)c(din)Ă(g)wζijNضʽГ(dn)@һw^̵؟(z)Ρ

҃AJ(rn)ijNxρf@ƪ̎Է˼͚vʷ˼Ľc(din)ǿŒ(du)Լ˜I(y)ĬF(xin)r(sh)Եķ˼һλ܌W(xu)һ(g)ضĚvʷD(zhun)c(din)ԼµĹoԼ@oɲǵһΡҿһλ܌W(xu)@Nă(ni)ֵзʽ̽ԼĹ(du)֪R(sh)xַ˼˚vʷ߀wԼڌҲ֮ǂ(g)ضĚvʷD(zhun)c(din)߽Y(ji)һ@ǵһڰѡ족ͬr(sh)vʷеIJһNض܌W(xu)΄(w)C(j)ķ˼Ҳ׽@ƪµ·f֮̎

J(rn)@Ӂ@ƪ£҂͕(hu)J(rn)R(sh)һNl(f)c(din)ĸòԷQ֮F(xin)ԵđB(ti)

II.

֪˂(jng)ѬF(xin)fһ(g)r(sh)ǘ(bio)־һ(g)r(sh)һϵԡͬF(xin)Եľ궨λ֮ǰһ(g)ЩɻfǰF(xin)֮tijNĪy(c)˓^ĺF(xin)ԡɴ҂l(f)F(xin)Լ׷F(xin)Ƿ(gu)ˆɵĺl(f)չǷ(yng)ҕ錦(du)18o(j)ԭtĔѻƫx

^µ@ƪҲʲô҂ܰѬF(xin)ԸĿһNB(ti)һΚvʷr(sh)^B(ti)ȡָһNcF(xin)r(sh)԰l(f)P(gun)“(lin)ģʽһNijЩԸx֮һN˼XОeֹķʽ̎̎wF(xin)ijNwP(gun)ϵF(xin)һ(xing)΄(w)oc(din)ϣDfľ|(zh)ethosJ(rn)(du)҂fІʾxIJڌF(xin)cǰF(xin)򡰺F(xin)^(q)_Ŭ̽F(xin)ԵđB(ti)γʼ̎cNF(xin)ԡB(ti)ȵĠ(zhn)֮

Ҵһλ׺DzɺԵ@NF(xin)ԵđB(ti)?yn)˂VJ(rn)(du)F(xin)ԵXR(sh)19o(j)JR(sh)֮һDzR

1. ˂(jng)ѬF(xin)Ը錦(du)r(sh)gķBm(x)ԵXR(sh)cy(tng)ěQ(du)·fУڲȥĕr(sh)ǰѣ(dng)RF(xin)Խ綨顰^̕żȻ[4]ĕr(sh)_(d)ƺ@(g)˼ҪɞF(xin)J(rn)R(sh)@Noֹ\(yn)(dng)ᘌ(du)@һ\(yn)(dng)ȡijNضB(ti)ijNĖ|ȲڬF(xin)ڕr(sh)֮⣬ҲڬF(xin)֮ڬF(xin)֮ڌ(du)@֮²׽֮wF(xin)đB(ti)ȡF(xin)Բͬڕr(sh)ֻڌ(du)r(sh)g
F(xin)@һNB(ti)ٳ˂լF(xin)r(sh)СӢۡһF(xin)Բnj(du)ڶ̕wŵĬF(xin)ڵУnjF(xin)ڡӢۻ־

ҌHӑՓRP(gun)cͬr(sh)Lˇg(sh)u(png)ՓͲRͬr(sh)Щ҂J(rn)19o(j)ķªֻLŴ۹RȡЦLеĬF(xin)ԲwF(xin)ڰѺρF(xin)܌ɫYF(xin)顰҂r(sh)ķ֪̎r(sh)յĕr(sh)҂ĕr(sh)c֮g|(zh)ö]֮ȥP(gun)ϵ@βͺ²HwF(xin)ձƽȵ߀бF(xin)`Ԋ@һLКʬˣ隚ʬΚʬYa(chn)A(j)ʬˡ҂eijNY[5]@NF(xin)ԵđB(ti)RЕr(sh)ʹgӿ϶oӖ(xn)ԵʽζLسʬF(xin)o҂ゃo(qun)ҕF(xin)ڡ

2.@NӢۻoǷSԵġF(xin)ԵđB(ti)Ȳ(hu)Sֲȥĕr(sh)̻?q)û̧ߵʥλ?dng)Ȼoڌȥĕr(sh)̮(dng)һD(zhun)˲ŵ@DZDzRԸQ֮^ߣspectatorˑB(ti)@Щߣflneur@Щo¡e^MڱԼ۾һLӛă(ch)c@Щ෴R@LF(xin)Եˣ@߰ܰҰԿ϶@(g)@(g)лSĹª(d)@(g)Ƭ̲ͣشԽ嫵ԻĮΚvһ(g)ȼ߸ЩĿģձͬSԿvŵĿڌijNSҷQ֮\"F(xin)ԡԡяĕr(sh)гȡ[ښvʷеԊԵҪĹ[6]Rؕ˹(dng)?sh)Constantin GuysF(xin)Եһ(g)䷶һ(g)^һ(g)ղߵ^֮κW(dng)ԊS(dng)ĵط
κεطֻҪһNԳʬF(xin)ǰֻҪȻ˺͂y(tng)˳F(xin)һNصֻ֮ҪꖹҫˉĄ(dng)depraved animal˲gĿ옷[7]

҂Ʉee(cu)ؕ˹(dng)?sh)ɲһ(g)
R֮԰һܳĬF(xin)ң?yn)?dng)(g)(mng)l(xing)ĕr(sh)s_ʼ˹׃ǂ(g)ò(do)µĸ׃ȡF(xin)(sh)ǬF(xin)(sh)cɵУexercise֮gһN(f)s໥
ȻĖ|ֹȻĖ|Ҳֹ(g)wČ(du)ǡxһNģ(chung)ߵ`һӵijM[8](du)ڬF(xin)ԵđB(ti)ȶF(xin)ڵSr(ji)ֵc@һN(du)ĘOȿֲ_ģѬF(xin)cͬĖ|ǴݚF(xin)ڣͨ^լF(xin)ĠB(ti)׃F(xin)ڲRĬF(xin)У(du)F(xin)(sh)ĘOP(gun)עڴˌ(du)(yng)һNɵČ(sh)`߼nj(du)@һF(xin)(sh)nj(du)@һF(xin)(sh)ě_

3. Ȼ(du)RfF(xin)ԲHHcF(xin)ڵһNP(gun)ϵʽ߀DZc_P(gun)ϵһNP(gun)ϵʽF(xin)ԌݵđB(ti)ȾSϵһNxĿxҪɞF(xin)ǷǵóJ(rn)Լڶ̕wŵĕr(sh)֮ҪԼ(dng)ijN(du)Dy(f)sľҲDzRǕr(sh)ĕr(sh)dԒQʎӣdandysmeҲڴһһ׷@ЩV֪ՓՓֱӵıԡ
Փɻȱҷ
Փ(yu)Žu˱ɲڽ߀ҪƵĽ(qing)ڡ̎΢sIJͽϡ
߀ՓʎӵĿxͨ^ԼwОXw汾׃һˇg(sh)ƷڲRF(xin)˵˲ȥl(f)Լl(f)ܺ[挍(sh)ҪȥŬ(chung)Լ@NF(xin)ԲҪ˱Ĵ֮нԼʹ挦(du)Լ΄(w)

4. ׌a(b)һڲR(du)F(xin)ڷSʽӢۻ׃F(xin)(sh)òΑʽČ(du)ҵľ죬@Щ(hu)wжռʲôλֻһ(g)ͬI(lng)ó(chung)R@(g)I(lng)Qˇg(sh)

Ҳͨ^@Ȏׂ(g)c(din)ܸ18o(j)ĩڵĆ@һ(f)sĚvʷ¼^ȥăɂ(g)o(j)ԸNĿF(xin)ĬF(xin)ԵđB(ti)

һֱڏ(qing){(dio)ɷĆ}һһNض͵܌W(xu)׷ʲôӵij̶ϸֲچ@N׷֮£cF(xin)ڵP(gun)ϵ˵ĚvʷģʽԼһ(g)wҵĘ(gu)һһ{놖}I(lng)
һԌ҂c“(lin)Y(ji)}j(lu)ؽ̗lԭtڲ༤ijNB(ti)ȣijN܌W(xu)ľ|(zh)҂Ԍ錦(du)҂̎vʷr(sh)ijֺСҴdzԵعһ@N|(zh)

A. Է

1. @N|(zh)ζܗ^Č(du)ɵġ֡ҿ҂Ȼஔ(dng)هһϵ(jng)(j)(hu)ƶȼĻ¼(gu)һ(g)Ѓ(yu)ȵλķI(lng)
һ(xing)M(jn)cɵĚvʷֱ“(lin)Y(ji)˜I(y)(gu)һ(g)҂ڿ]܌W(xu)}
_܌W(xu)˼SһNضʽͨ^µDʾ@һc(din)

@fǵÌ(du)ɱʾǔѵr(chng)ǡǡζ횾ܗһпܕ(hu)ijNλČxʽF(xin)(chng)Ҫô܆ɲxy(tng)ЩJ(rn)@ǿ϶Եg(sh)ZһЩ˄tָ؟(z)eˣҪôІɣŬ[Óԭt(du)˂ͬǰHһ҂?ni)ֻǰѡqCġ(x)e뒶sȻ_(jng)ܰЩҪصă(yu)߀δܔ[Ó@N

҂ŬijN̶ϣɚvʷ޶ĴطԼ@ӵķ(yng)ԓһϵбMܾ(x)Ěvʷ׷ǻԵָԵı|(zh)(ni)ˡessential kernel of rationality򡰱ȻԵĮ(dng)ޡcontemporary limits of the necessaryǰ߿چҵκr¶(yng)ԓõS֣
Ҳnj(du)w҂Ę(gu)ɶǻDzxЩ|

2. ˵x[9]cɃ֮gױһڌ(du)҂M(jn)гm(x)Еr(sh)횱@һc(din)҂ʼKӛһ(g)һϵ¼һϵЏ(f)sĚvʷ^̣λښW(hu)l(f)չ^ijһضĹ(ji)c(din)֮ɱ(hu)D(zhun)͵Ҫأƶȵ֪ͣR(sh)ʽ֪R(sh)c(sh)`(dng)Ի^̵Ӌ(j)g(sh)ϵͻ׃Ҷh(yun)ֹһɷN]һԒvȻ@ЩF(xin)SֱԺҪQҿֻЌ(du)F(xin)ڵķ˼P(gun)“(lin)ģʽ(g)܌W(xu)˼ʽ(j)

˵xtcȫͬһ(xing)}ߣ_еfһϵ}(jng)Lĕr(sh)gڶ(g)(chng)֮ښW(hu)ﷴ(f)F(xin)ҿǠϵr(ji)ֵД@Щ}ă(ni)Sֵăr(ji)ֵ^϶H@ľ޴߀һֱ䮔(dng)һNԵą^(q)ԭt17o(j)˵xF(xin)錦(du)̵л?q)ڽ̵ĿwһNcϵՓɫh(yun)Ŀʽ˵x(du)Ļ˵x19o(j)tЌ(du)ƌW(xu)օu(png)B(ti)ȵđՓ˵xc֮෴ČԼϣĸͬһNƌW(xu)ϵ˵xR˼xһN˵xxc˸x˂߀ôһΕr(sh)g(jng)o(h)(hu)xwF(xin)˵xr(ji)ֵ^Ǖr(sh)˹xҲf˵x

҂^ܾʹJ(rn)飬(jng)c˵xBĖ|ҪܗǑ(yng)ԓY(ji)@ӵJ(rn)R(sh)P(gun)˵xӑՓ}̫^`̫^s̫ȱһ؞֮Ė|m鷴˼ą(zhn)Œ(sh)ُ17o(j)ԁ^˵xĖ|һֱهһЩڽƌW(xu)Ų^P(gun)˵^˵xþbc(din)(yn)CP(gun)˵^ôfԺߞ

ˣ@һP(gun)“(lin)(j)е҂ᘌ(du)ԼֺĄ(chung)(j)@ӵԭtچP(gun)ĚvʷR(sh)̎ںĵλԭt(du)@(g)lط(f)͹F(xin)һ؞˵xеӑՓ}@һ(chng)l(f)҃AJ(rn)c˵x֮gһNP(gun)ϵͬһP(gun)ϵ

J(rn)ʲôrc˵x@ߓһΣU(xin)
ĚvʷĽǶȁ@ҲDz_еfP(gun)˵xߵĆ}(g)18o(j)ﶼҪλԒJ(rn)@׺f?yn)醢ҕһN˵xͬr(sh)ҲбҪע⵽(g)19o(j)(du)ʥ򲼿˹@ӵˁfdzҪĞ16o(j)˵xޚvʷĹcɺ18o(j)ʼK໥ÓxģЕr(sh)_(du)19o(j)ҲЃA?q)c˵x@ߌ(du)(c(din)̎xһ)

̶ٲdڌһăA

ôfJ(rn)飬҂횏ġ(du)ɷǔѡ֪ϺϵĒЌҽÓһ҂Ҳ횔[Ó˵x}cɆ}һՄ@һNښvʷ͵x϶Ļy^҂Ҫ(du)҂(du)ԼԼ^ȥXR(sh)ô(du)c˵x֮g^ȥɂ(g)o(j)ď(f)sP(gun)ϵM(jn)оͲʧһ(xing)HЃr(ji)ֵҪn}

B. ϶Է

MҪA(y)@Щ}挦(du)һN܌W(xu)ľ|(zh)Ė|҂@Ȼ߀x߿϶Եă(ni)@N܌W(xu)|(zh)(jng)P(gun)҂ijNvʷwՓڌ(du)҂˼֮

1.Ԍ@N܌W(xu)|(zh)һNޑB(ti)ȡlimit-attitude҂F(xin)ڲӑՓһNܗˑB(ti)҂ò[Óⲿһ(ni)@һǴ˼˵xò̎߅(sh)HɌ(du)޵ķc˼MɵȻµĆ}ڣJ(rn)R(sh)savoirʲô֪R(sh)connaissanceòŗԽexceeding
ôҿP(gun)I}tD(zhun)ijN϶ԵĆ}Щձ顢Ȼx(w)҂ϵĖ|Щڪ(d)żȻsĮa(chn)Ė|ռ(j)ʲôӵλ֮}P(gun)IڣԱȻԽʽչ_УD(zhun)ijNԽfranchissementʽF(xin)Č(sh)`

@֌(do)һN@ҊĺвԌձr(ji)ֵʽY(ji)(gu)ĿĵČ(sh)`չ_ijЩ¼Ěvʷ@Щ¼(jng)(do)҂(gu)҂˼ԵwJ(rn)R(sh)@(g)x@NвdzԽԵĿ(bio)ҲڴٳһNζόW(xu)ǾVϵW(xu)ķͿŌW(xu)ķ֮f@NǿŌW(xu)(yn)Խ?yn)IJڴ_֪R(sh)connaissanceпܵĵЄ(dng)ձY(ji)(gu)ڌ_(d)҂˼ԼԒZ(sh)˷Ěvʷ¼̽ӑ
ͬr(sh)֮f@NVϵW(xu)?yn)ٸ?j)҂ǵʽݳ҂֪Ė|ʹ҂ɞ҂ǵǷNżȻԣcontingencyxijNԁ@N҂Բ҂˼ȥȥȥ˼

@NЌڴٳijNKɞƌW(xu)ζόW(xu)M܏V؞鲻_Č(du)ɵ׷ṩµĴل(dng)

2.Ȼ҂MP(gun)ɵĔԻJ(rn)@NvʷһԵđB(ti)߀횾߂䌍(sh)(yn)Ե|(zh)ҵ˼f@Nᘌ(du)҂չ_Ĺһ_һ(g)µĚvʷ׷I(lng)һ߀ҪF(xin)(sh)realityF(xin)r(sh)lactualitM(jn)Йz(yn)@ɷ涼ðվ߂l(f)׃ĿcҪԵЩP(gun)(ji)c(din)__е׃ʽ@fP(gun)҂ĚvʷwՓ횔[ӕQձԻصԵӋ(j)䌍(sh)҂(j)(jng)(yn)֪^Ҫ[ÓF(xin)r(sh)ĿwrԱƶP(gun)һN(hu)һ˼ʽһNĻһ^ĿwI@N•ֻ܌(do)ЩΣU(xin)Ăy(tng)ď(f)

ҌԸxijЩwضD(zhun)ʽ^ȥ20CijЩ^(q)߂ԣ҂c˼ķʽc(qun)P(gun)“(lin)֮gP(gun)ϵԼ҂dcķʽ
ҲԸxЩԴښvʷc(sh)`B(ti)֮g໥“(lin)ϵIJԵD(zhun)ԸЩⲻ^ƶ(g)20o(j)һ؏(f)˵˵ĻI

mᘌ(du)҂бwՓ@N܌W(xu)|(zh)錦(du)Щ҂пԽĽM(jn)еһNvʷһ(sh)`Եęz(yn)ĶҲ҂Լ(du)ɴڵ_չĹ

3. ⣬®hoȫеģ҂Լ@NʼKDzֲֵ׷z(yn)סy(hu)бԼȟoR(sh)֟oƵĸձԵĽY(ji)(gu)ҵΣU(xin)

(du)@(g)}Ѓc(din)ؑ(yng)҂Ĵ_òʹ˷ŗõP(gun)ڿܘ(gu)҂vʷ޵Ė|κ_֪R(sh)connaissance(j)@N^c(din)(du)ԼĽԼԽ@Щ޵Ŀ҂?c)Փ͌?sh)`ɷw(yn)ʼKڽc(ni)޶
f҂Ǖ(hu)»صl(f)c(din)

Ȼ@fеĹֻڟożȻĠB(ti)֮չ_҂̽ӑ@(xing)һϵy(tng)ԡͬ|(zh)ԼP(gun)I

1P(gun)I

@ЩP(gun)I}wF(xin)ڿɷQ֮顰c(qun)֮gP(gun)ϵՓ֮҂֪18o(j)wϻһoĂZϣԼg(sh)(du)l(f)Ӱc(g)w(du)˵ͬr(sh)f(xi){(dio)LA(ch)M(jn)҂߀Կ(g)(hu)ĚvʷУ@ȡcZɘ(gu)Ҫ@һc(din)ҲS(d)صĚvʷ\(yn)ĸԴ@\(yn)˵⮐c(hu)׃܉E˵؄eôľձ֧ĵλF(xin)LcԵL@֮gP(gun)ϵɲ18o(j)(hu)J(rn)ôΡ҂Մ?w)Խ?jng)(j)Ŀ(bio)a(chn)߀(hu){(dio)؞ּƶֻǸNԱͨļg(sh)҂ѽ(jng)԰l(f)F(xin)
ʽӵļg(sh)f˶Nӵę(qun)P(gun)ϵ缯wԻ(g)wԵļo(j)ԇҵę(qun)(hu)۾Ӆ^(q)ʹҎ(gu)f}P(gun)ILβܔ[Ó(qun)P(gun)ϵď(qing)

2ͬ|(zh)

@͌҂ˌ(du)ɷQ֮顰(sh)`ϵy(tng)I(lng)Ŀ졣҂?c)ڴfͬ|(zh)˂(du)ijʬF(xin)Ҳ(du)һo֪ěQėlµă(ni)cʽf˂µļg(sh)һ棬MԼ·ʽЩʽ
@Щ(sh)`(dng)Եһtڮ(dng)?c)@Щ(sh)`ϵy(tng)•r(sh)(du)ɵ،(du)(yng)׃ΑҎ(gu)t߂@Щg(sh)c@һ(sh)`I(lng)Ծʹ˴_@ЩvʷһԷͬ|(zh)

3ϵy(tng)

@Щ(sh)`ϵy(tng)Դ(g)VI(lng)򣺌(du)ĿƵP(gun)ϵ(du)˵Є(dng)P(gun)ϵԼ(du)ԼP(gun)ϵ@f@(g)I(lng)˴֮goP(gun)“(lin)֪(du)Ŀc˵P(gun)ϵнģc˵P(gun)ϵֿǕ(hu)浽cԼP(gun)ϵ֮ȻȻ҂Ҫ]֪R(sh)(qun)c@(g)SԵ|(zh)Լ໥֮gP(gun)“(lin)QԒfP(gun)҂ĚvʷwՓòشһϵ_ԵĆ}SS׷@Щ׷ԏ(f)sxҲԾw޶Ϳ҂x(hu)漰ϵy(tng)Ć}҂?ni)α?gu)֪R(sh)w҂?ni)α?gu)ʹ(qun)P(gun)ϵڙ(qun)P(gun)ϵw҂α(gu)Є(dng)ĵw

4ձԡ

һc(din)b@ЩvʷһԵ뿼ʼK(zhn)ijһwزr(sh)޶Č(sh)`cԒZwϵfǷdzw_پ҂Ե(hu)@ЩR}ձ?yn)؏?f)͹@҂ĕr(sh)ǽȫce(cu)y֮gP(gun)ϵc֮gP(gun)ϵc֮gP(gun)ϵԼP(gun)ϵĽɫȵ

Ȼ@NձJ(rn)ͨ^Խr(sh)gȵijvʷBm(x)ԣ׷҂Ҫ̽ӑĆ}ҲJ(rn)̽ĸN׃҂횰յ҂(du)̽ӑĆ}˽̶֮ʹę(qun)ʽ
҂֮ͨ^ijNضĆ}problematization_Nw(du)Є(dng)Ҏ(gu)tԼcԼP(gun)ϵĸNģʽеP(gun)Ľ(jng)(yn)tֻܽ(gu)޶Ěvʷ}^̼ȷW(xu)xϵijB(ti)ҲǾʷ|(zh)ϵ׃҂ÿ솖}ĸNģʽ[(modes de) problmatizations]ԱN(yn)Ěvʷ(d)ʽеձ⺭

һY(ji)ص¡Ҳ֪҂Ƿ܉_(d)B(ti)µijSཛ(jng)(yn)ʹ҂ɵĚvʷ¼δʹ҂ɞij҂Ҳδ_(d)@ӵĠB(ti)Dzôfҿͨ^˼ɶ(gu)Č(du)F(xin)c҂׷xJ(rn)^ȥăɂ(g)o(j)µķ˼һֱǷNʧҪԻЧԵ܌W(xu)˼Sʽ҂(dng)Ȼ܌P(gun)бwՓҕһNՓҲܰһײeе֪R(sh)wϵǑ(yng)ԓһNB(ti)һN|(zh)һN܌W(xu)@NB(ti)|(zh)܌W(xu)֮(du)҂֮(ni)ͬr(sh)ҲɞP(gun)ڏ(qing)ӽo҂Ľ޵ĚvʷɞԽ@Щ޵Ŀԣde leur franchissement possibleČ(sh)(yn)

҂횰@N܌W(xu)B(ti)D(zhun)QN׷΄(w)@Щ׷ķ߉݋ھCϲÿŌW(xu)VϵW(xu)ķͬr(sh)鼼g(sh)ԵͺͲԵΑČ(sh)`(dng)
@Щ׷Փ߉݋ڴ_҂c˼P(gun)ϵձܵ}̎Ěvʷ(d)ʽ
@Щ׷gČ(sh)`߉݋tP(gun)עvʷһԷ˼w(sh)`(dng)ćLԇz(yn)֮е^Ҳ֪Ƿڽ@ôfе΄(w)Ȼ(du)چɵ
҈(jin)J(rn)@һ΄(w)Ҫ҂ĽޣQ֮@һ(xing)ҪĵĄwF(xin)҂(du)ɵĿa patient labor giving form to our impatience for liberty

עጣ

[1] Phädon; oder, ber die Unsterblichkeit der Seele, PhädonD(du)Ԓ䛡쳶ƪ(ni)ϵՓ`ԣgע

[2] Haskalaq̫fġɡھwZеġSekhelreasonintellect18o(j)19o(j)КWc|W؅^(q)W\(yn)(dng)Ӱ푣һ(chng)Ļ\(yn)(dng)HaskalaĿ(bio)Ҫq̫B(yng)܉wF(xin)q̫̺һĻľC܉ͨxĘ(bio)(zhn)Ќݾձx˵xUጵǷNT ҪĴq̫彛(jng)gɵģF(xin)W(xu)ձJ(rn)q̫F(xin)Ǐ18o(j)ġHaskala_ʼġ˂Ĵ˲ٱ(dng)صȴِ_ʼeO׷ڬF(xin)Уÿ(g)˵һУĂ(g)˻Č(sh)F(xin)(dng)Ȼ@߀漰S}˺ĬP(gun)ӑՓɅҊcZġqC׫ġqxҪأɵĽޡһҊl(wi)||Ⱦg˺ĬϺh(yun)|1997桪gע

[3] Giambattista VicoThe New Science of Giambattista Vico, 3rd ed., (1744), abridged trans. T. G. Bergen and M. H. Fisch (Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press, 1970), pp. 370, 372. Ӣgעgē(j)S¡¿ƌW(xu)❓ḡ(w)ӡ^1989棬594596퓡gע

[4] Charles Baudelaire, The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays, trans. Jonathan Mayne (London: Phaidon, 1964), p. 13. Ӣgעgē(j)F(xin)ĮҡĹ(ji)F(xin)ԡڡRW(xu)Փx갲gČW(xu)1987棬485퓡gע

[5] Charles Baudelaire, On the Heroism of Modern Life, in The Mirror of Art: Critical Studies by Charles Baudelaire, trans. Jonathan Mayne (London: Phaidon, 1955), p. 127. Ӣgעgąһɳʮ˹(ji)ՓF(xin)Ӣۡͬϕ301иĄ(dng)gע

[6] gľCυ갲gRW(xu)Փx484퓼gģ„֞©g(ni)ݡgע

[7] gē(j)갲gRW(xu)Փx483иĄ(dng)gעdepraved animalRڡՓƽȵԴͻA(ch)Ќ˼ĠB(ti)һNȻĠB(ti)˼һ^ҰFgע

[8] ɅҊgͬϕ484퓡gע

[9] Humanismһ~SwĚvʷc֪R(sh)龳IJͬɷքeg˵x˱x͡xͱĶ16o(j)ġHumanism(yng)g顰x18o(j)ġHumanismtg顰˵x@һόa(chn)y҂һg顰˵xͬr(sh)Ѵעԓ~Ěvʷ׃gע

P(gun)~ 

c(din)x

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