英美文化書篇一：英美文化(中文版)

English Literature（英國文學(xué)部分）

英美文化書篇二：英美文化學(xué)習(xí)資料

Chapter One English Histiory

I. Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following.

1. In the year 1066, William the Conqueror invaded England from France, defeating the Saxon king Harold at

A. the Battle of Crecy B. the Battle of AgincourtA. the Norman Conquest B. the Crusades A. Richard Lion-Heart B. King John A. English-speaking B. French-speaking A. King John B. Hey VIII

6. Shakespeare lived in the period of A. the Middle Ages

B. the Victorian ageA. the Middle AgesB. the “grab for Africa”A. James I

B. Elizabeth Iwas A. Hey VIII

B. James I A. Spain

B. France

A. great victories over FranceB. the Industrial Revolution A. extend the franchise C. Charles I D. James II C. America D. Germany

C. the loss of her American colonies D. the founding of the modern police force C. encourage inventions C. the Elizabethan age D. the Industrial Revolution C. the Elizabethan age D. the Victorian age C. Hey VIII D. Charles I

C. the Battle of Hastings D. the Battle of Waterloo C. the Hundred Years War D. the “Gunpowder Plot” C. King Arthur D. Alfred the Great C. German-speaking D. Gaelic-speaking C. Queen Elizabeth D. Bloody Mary

2. One of the following did not take place during the Middle Ages. It was 3. The most famous of the English Crusaders was the Norman king, 4. For much of the Middle Ages, Britain was ruled by a (n) aristocracy.

5. In England, the Protestant Reformation began with 7. The defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English navy took place during 8. The “Gunpowder Plot” took place in the reign of 9. The king who believed the “Divine Right” to govern, and who was condemned to death during the English Civil War

10. During the whole of the eighteenth century, England’s great enemy was 11. One of the following did not take place during the eighteenth century in British history. It was 12. The Reform Bill in the eighteenth century in British history was made to

B. develop trade unions

D. improve social services

13. One of the following was not a characteristic of the Victorian age. A. It was an age of national development and national optimism.

B. It was an age of stability in family life. C. It was an age of imperialism.

D. It was an age of lack of belief in religion.

14. One of the following did not take place between the two world wars in British history. It was A. the “suffragette” movement

B. the independence of the southern part of Ireland C. the great “slump” D. the General Strike

15. Which of the following did not take place after the Second World War in British history?

A. The independence of the colonies of the old British empire B. The availability of TV sets and cars to almost every home C. The “suffragette” movement D. The founding of the “Welfare State”

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. The Crusades were a series of wars in which armies from all over Europe tried to snatch the where Jesus Christ once lived) from the 2. In British history, the great rivals of the king’s authority during the Middle Ages were and the local chiefs, called 3. All the kings of the Middle Ages in Britain spoke as their mother tongue, and after the Hundred Years’ War, thelanguage took its place.

4. During the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, English bowmen defeated the heavily armed French knights in the famous Battles of and , and the whole of France very nearly fell into English hands.

and who started the age of discovery.

7. Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in Britain in the reign of 8. Most people associate the Elizabethan age with two things. The first is .The other is 9. The greatest sailor who led the English fleet to victory in fighting the Spanish Armada was 10. The English Civil War resulted in the temporary overthrow of the than ten years a sort of republic founded by 11. In the English Civil War, the “Roundhead” supported 14. The longest reign in British history was the monarch of the great Queen Victoria, which lasted from the year

to 15. The Origin of Species was written by and

III. Explanation 1. the Hundred Years’ War

(1) A war between England and France which lasted, on and off, for a hundred years from 1337 to 1453. (2) It was

fought entirely in France, and the whole of France very nearly fell into English hands in the famous battles of Crecy and Agincourt. (3) Eventually, partly through the inspiration of the brave girl Joan of Arc, and partly through the effective use of guns, the French drove the English from their land for good. 2. the Catholic Church

(1) It refers to the Christian church headed by the Pope. (2) All members of the church accept the gospel of Christ

and the teachings of the Bible. Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy.” (3) In the Middle Ages, the Pope was extremely powerful. (4) In the sixteenth century, some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by Catholics. 3. the Elizabethan age

(1) It refers to the period during the reign of Elizabeth I in British history. (2) It was an age of real literary

achievement, especially that of Shakespeare, and (3) it was an age of adventure on the sea.

Answers

I . Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following

1.; 2.; 3. A; 4. B; 5. B; 6. C; 7. C; 8.A; 9. C; 10. B; 11. D; 12. A; 13. D; 14. A; 15. C

II. Fill in the Blanks

1.; the Muslims 2. the Church; barons 3. French; English 4. Crecy; Agincourt 5. Columbus; Vasco da Gama 7. Elizabeth I

8. literature; adventure on the sea 9. Sir Francis Drake

10. monarchy; Oliver Cromwell

11. the Parliament; the King (or King CharlesI) 14. 1837; 1901 15. Charles Darwin 17. India; Pakistan

Chapter Two British Government System

I. Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following 1. Queen Elizabeth n is “Defender of the Faith”, because ______.A. she is the spiritual leader of the Church of EnglandB. she is the head of the Church of EnglandC. she is the personification of the state. D. she is the symbol of the English values. 2. Which of the following is not true?

A. The Queen holds meetings of the Privy Council.

B. The Queen receives reports of cabinet meetings in her weekly sessions with the Prime Minister. C. The Queen must take sides when a dispute arises in the Cabinet. D. The Queen is informed and consulted on every aspect of national life. 3. Which of the following is not true?

A. The Queen is a symbol of the parliamentary democracy.B. She is a symbol of British culture.C. She is a symbol of English tradition.D. She is a symbol of English way of life.

4. Which of the following is not a part of the Conventions of the constitution?A. The powers of the Crown are exercised mainly by Ministers.B. The Queen must act on the advice of Ministers.C. MPs enjoy freedom of speech in debate.

D. Ministers are responsible to Parliament for their actions. 5. How often does the General Election take place?A. At least every three years. B. At least every four years.

C. At least every five years. D. At least every six years.

6. Why are so many party members elected to Parliament in each Election in Britain?A. Because party members usually enjoy better reputation.

B. Because party members have more experience in forming a government. C. Because party members have the backing of nationwide organizations. D. Because people trust party members to a greater degree. 7. The executive power is in the hands of _____. A. Parliament

B. the House of Commons

8. The real centre of power in Parliament is _____.A. the Queen

B. the House of Commons

C. the House of Lords D. the Cabinet

C. the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister D. the Queen

9. Which of the following is not one of the functions that Parliament plays? A. To serve as the final court of appeal in civil cases and criminal cases. B. To make laws.

C. To control and criticize the executive government. D. To control the raising and the spending of money. 10. The real power of the British government lies in _____. A. the House of Commons

B. the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister A. The Parliament Act of 1901 B. The Parliament Act of 1911

12. The real power of the House of Lords lies in ____.A. helping to pass money bills B. delaying bills

13. Which of the following is not correct?

A. The Speaker presides over the meetings in the House of Commons and sees that procedure is followed.B. The Speaker has the highest power in the House of Commons, he usually takes sides and joins the debates.C. The Speaker controls the debates, seeing that Members do not stray too far from the subject of debate.D. The Speaker interprets the rule of procedure and settles any disputes as to whether things are being

properly done.

14. According to the text, which of the following is the most important privilege enjoyed by MPs?A. Freedom of speech in Parliament. B. High social status. 15. Which of the following sentences in true?

A. The two big parties have been successful in expanding their powers over recent years.B. The strength of the big parties remains unchanged.

C. Members of the two big parties no longer dominate Parliament.D. The two big parties have declined over recent years.

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. __________ is the oldest secular institution in the United Kingdom.

2. A1l English official documents bear the initials OHMS which stands for _________. 3. The highest of all honors conferred by the British Queen is __________.

4. The British Constitution consists mainly of the following five parts mentioned in the text: (1)__________; (2)__________; (3)__________; (4)__________ and(5)__________.

5. A General Election takes place at least every __________ years. In each General Election, ________ are elected members of Parliament.

6. Parliament in Britain, strictly speaking, consists of three elements 1)______; (2)________; (3)________.

7. The supreme law-making authority in Britain is _________. 12. The Queen usually acts on the advice of ___________.

13. The executive power of the government is vested mainly in the __________. C. High living standards. D. Involvement in law-making. C. discussing bills D. being Supreme Court C. the Prime Minister D. the Queen

C. The Bill of Rights in 1689 D. The Act of Settlement in 1701

11. Which of the following is the Act that restricted the powers of the Lords in dealing with money?

英美文化書篇三：英美文化重點

Chapter one

1.

1)

2)

3) Anglo-saxon peotry 的特點 Story is based on partly historical and partly legendary materials. It contains paganism and Christian elements, There is special technical structure. They are three alteration per line, two

in the first half line and one on.

4) They are seafaring people and brave in their action. The old Saxon word “angul”

means a hook, from which we can surmise that they lived by the sea and their lives were related to fishing. The name Saxon is from “seax”, that is, a short sword, and from that name we can judge that they were hardy fighters.

2. Beowulf

Like Homer’s poetry, Beowulf sings of the exciting adventure of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, his resolution to serve his country and kinsfolk, his time courage, excretes cireluet and his love of honor.

Chapter two

3. Middle English

3 centuries after Norman conquest. Two languages were used side by side in England, Latin and French were the languages of the upper classes, spoken at courts and used in churches and schools, official edicts and documents and literary works were written in Latin. Old English was weakened and a huge number of French and Latin words absorbed. What’s more, inflectional forms of the words were dropped and formal grammar simplified.

4. religious literature 定義 教堂文學(xué)

The church had a virtual monopoly of literature during much of the Middle Ages. The church nor only had this direct claim upon the majority of literate men but also was itself a larger producer of books in the physical sense as well as a maintainer of libraries.

Chapter three

5. Geoffrey chaucer 其偉大在何處

1) Chaucer’s work gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time. The pilgrims

cover a wide range of characters in the England of the time, from noblemen to peasants

2) As a commoner he had a sympathy with and an understanding of the lower classes

as is shown in his attitude towards the ploughman and the poor person.

3) Chaucer wrote in the London dialect of his day, which he handled dexterously.

He was at one moment serious and another light-hearted and full of fun and sometimes he could be very poetical. He proved that English language is a beautiful language and can be easily handled to express different moods. In so doing Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of the English language.

4) Created a tradition of realism in English literature

5) His work made great impact on many later writers, like Shakespeare and Dickens

Chapter four

6. 15世紀(jì)重大歷史事跡（時間地點原因人物）

1) The hundred years’ war

The war continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Hey V defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to French throne. In 1453 all English territory in France and the English king had only a small port, Calais, left to him.

2) The war of the roses/ the thirty years’ war

In England

A series of civil wars fight between two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It last 30 years until King Hey Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ. Hey Tudor married Elizabeth of the House of York, brought compromise between the two families, and established a highly consolidated rule.

The House of Lancaster ----Red Rose as its emblem ; the House of York –White Rose Reason: Hey Ⅵ belonged to the House of Lancaster but members of the House of York believed that they were more entitled to the crown than Hey Ⅵ. Civil war broke out between the two families and almost all noble families were involved in it.

3) The discovery of America and new sea routes

1492, Christopher Columbus landed in America with the support of the Spanish sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella.

Reason: He believed he could reach India by sailing west,

4) Reformation of the church

Person: Hey ⅧTime:1534

During his reign, Hey Ⅷ took decisive measures to break away from the Church of Rome. He passed through Parliament the Act of Supremacy which regarded him as the supreme head on earth, thus negating the claim of the Pope in Rome who regarded himself as the supreme power on earth. The church Hey Ⅷ founded is the Anglican Church.

7. early english plays

Drama was one of the most popular forms of entertainment. It was not until 9th and 10 centuries that the Catholic Church allowed some of dramatic performances to be used as part of religious services.

By 14 century the liturgy had developed into mystery plays and miracle plays, there are no sharp distinctions between these two kind of plays, though the former are chiefly based on stories from the Bible, while the latter on the lives of Christian saints.

The play was staged on a two decked cart, or pageant. The pageant consisted of an thth

enclosed room which served both Hell and as retiring room, and a second storey open to the sky on which the action was performed. In the 14 and the 15 centuries mystery or miracle plays were performed in about 40 different places in England. Chapter five

8. 1,2,3, 考小題，概念，年代 作品 貢獻(xiàn)

9. Edmund Spenser 作品

1) The Shephearde’s Calender _______his first important work

A pastoral poem in 12 parts, one for each month of the year. The poet’s intention is to give different descriptions of the English countryside The Shephearde’s Calender at each particular time of the year. The main themes embodied in the poem are love, poetry, and religion.

2) The Faerie Queene 《仙后》______his major achievement

It is an unfinished allegorical romance, Spencer’s original plan---there should be 12 books, each telling the adventures of one of the 12 knights dispatched by the Faerie Queene, Gloria, who represents Glory and Queen Elizabeth in particular,

10. the flourishing of drama 其主要原因

The flourishing of drama was explained by the follow reasons:

1) cities and towns grew rapidly in the 16th century and since there was no other

means of entertainment than watching bear-baiting, visiting lunatics imprisoned in Bedlam, and watching executions and hangings at Newgate, drama naturally became the only form of amusement to city dwellers and noblemen.

2) The only means of entertainment was theatre.

3) It was only place where people could socialize and know what was going on, it

is a place where both the rich and the poor went.

11. Christopher Marlowe

The most prominent of the University Wits was no doubt Christopher Marlowe. All his plays were written in the five years from 1587 to 1592 and they are all tragedies. His first play Tamburlaine the Great (1587) is about the story of Timur the Tartar. The central figure Tamburlaine represents the Renaissance desire for infinite power and authority.

The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus (1592), adapted from a popular old German legend, is a sort of companion to Tamburlaine in reflecting the Renaissance desire for infinite knowledge, though the tragic ending suggests that the writer conforms with the orthodox teachings of the church, the towering figure of Faustus is eloquent evidence that the author has a will power as fierce as Faustus’, a will to search the infinite knowledge of life and to express his atheism and patriotism.

As a dramatist Marlowe has limitations. His plot construction is loose and his characters are merely embodiments of ideas. But Marlowe is the only dramatist of thth

the time who is ever compared with Shakespeare. His works are remarkable for their imagination, burning passion, sensuous richness, variety of pace, and response to varying emotions. His verse is known for its stateliness and its poetic beauty.

Thomas Malory____the death of king Arthur

The death of king Arthur tells the whole life of king Arthur, but the finest part in the book is about the death of king Arthur. It happens that one of the knights, Sir Launcelot, has an illicit love affair with Queen Guinevere. At the insistence of his nephew, Arthur goes to punish Launcelot. He besieges the castle in which Sir Launcelot stays. But king Arthur does only for the sake of Sir Gawain, and his attempt to capture Sir Launcelot fails. Word comes to ht king that his bastard son Mordred has seized the kingdom during his absence, and king Arthur leads his forces back to England. More=dred attacks them upon their landing, and both Mordred and Arthur die at the battle.

12. William shakespeare

was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

莎翁的偉大之處？P93-9

1) Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and

aspirations of the people.

2) Shakespeare’s humanism: more important than his historical sense of his time,

Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age.

3) Shakespeare’s characterization: Shakespeare was most successful in his

characterization. In his plays he described a great number of characters.

4) Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials fr

om sources

that were known to his audience; some from Roman dramas, some from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and some from other writer’s play.

5) Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but

also a great poet. Apart from his sonnets and long poems, his dramas are poetry.

6) Shakespeare as master of the English language: Shakespeare was the master of

the English language. It is estimated that he had a command of about 15,000 words. Many of his quotations and phrases have been absorbed into English language.

其創(chuàng)作時期分為幾個階段？每個時期2-3個作品？

1) From 1592 to 1593, during this period, he wrote his early history plays or

histories and a group of comedies. King Hey Ⅵ in three parts, Richard Ⅲ, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love’s Labour Lost.

2) The second period is a period of rapid growth and development, dating from 1595

to 1600. Midsummer Nighr’s Dream, Romeo and Juliet, The Merchant of Venice, the two parts of Hey Ⅳ, As You Like It, Julius Caesar.

3) The third period is a period of gloom and depression, dating from 1602 to 1608.

It is a period of tragedies, such as Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.

4) The fourth period is a period of restored serenity, from 1608 to 1612. It is

a period of calm after storm, with such plays as The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest.

對于悲劇哈姆雷特 的理解P149， p152-p153 注解1和20

Hamlet is a representative of humanist thinker with disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived. What troubles him most is the injustice, conspiracy, and betrayal in the society. He is a man with a sense of justice, pessimistic and gloomy view about life, cynical attitude towards society. Wide range of knowledge, belief in the Christian doctrine about heaven and hell.

Hamlet’s revenge is not only a personal matter. What troubles him most is the injustice, conspiracy, and betrayal in the society. His father is murdered by his uncle and his mother is married to his uncle right after his father’s death. The marriage of his mother is the first blow to him as he had regarded her as a virtuous woman. Then his former friends Rosencrantz and Guilderstern are dispatched by the king to spy on him. This is a second blow, for as a humanist he sets great store by friendship. Then his girl friend Ophelia is sent as a tool to find out whether or not he is really mad. This is something he can no longer endure. One incident after another seems to reveal to him that the time is “out of joint” and man is not so good as he had imagined. Hamlet would have been a tragedy of “blood and thunder” if Shakespeare had not imbued the play with this sort of philosophical thinking, this humanistic search for the value of man and the disappointment of such ideas.

The greatest of the play lies in the fact that in it Shakespeare expressed his praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanist thinkers and disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived.

13. What’s sonnet? P98

Shakespeare, besides his two long poems and plays, also wrote sonnets, 154 all together in number.

A sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes. It was first written by the Italian poet Petrarch who wrote sonnets to a lady named Laura. Shakespeare wrote his sonnets in about 1589 and they were published in 1609. The writing of sonnets, either to one’s love, or to one’s patron, or to one’s friend, was a fashion in his time.

Beginning with sonnet 18, Shakespeare is concerned about the effect of passing time on the young man. He says that though his friend may grow old and lose his beauty, he will be immortalized in the sonnets that Shakespeare wrote for him. In the third

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