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英美文化常識

發(fā)布時間:2017-01-17 來源: 美文摘抄 點擊:

英美文化常識篇一:英美文化常識

1.What are the two major parties in Britain? ------They are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.

2.What is the official full name of Britain? -----It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

3.Who is the head of government in Ireland? -----It is the Prime Minister.

4.Who is James Joyce?

-----He is the most well-know Irish writer of the modern period.

5.Who were the first Americans?

------They were the Indians.

6.What kind of economic system does the United States have?

-----It has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector.

7.What is bilingualism?

-----The phenomenon that English and French are the two official languages in Canada is called bilingualism.

8.What are the geographical feature of

Australia as a continent?

------Australia is the flatest and lowest of the continents.

9.What are the powers the constitution confers on the House of Representatives?

------The House of Representatives has powers to make and change laws.

10.What animal is a national symbol of New Zealand?

------The kiwi is a national symbol of the country.

11.What is the Renaissance?

------Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history.

12.What are the most important journals in the U.K.?

------They are the Economist,New Statesman and Society,and Spectator.

13.Why is the Shannon River important to Ireland?

------Because it provides electricity for much

of the Republic.

14.How many states are there in the United States?

------There are 50 states in the United States.

15.What is Hispanic?

------A Hispanic is a Spanish-speaking person of the United States.

16.What is the Bill of Rights?

-------It is the term used for the first ten amendments to the Constitution.

17.What is the Canada Council?

-----It is the Canadian Government’s funding agency.

18.What is Aborigines?

-------It is the term used to describe the original people of Australia.

19.What was the nature of the White Australia Policy?

------It was a discriminatory immigration policy,which restricted the non –whites to enter Australia.

20.What are New Zealand’s main exports?

------Meat,wool and dairy products are main exports.

21.What was Queen Mary known as?

------She was known as the “Bloody Mary”and also remembered as the monarch who lost the last British possession on the continent------French port of calais.

22.What did Britain become after the Industrial Revolution?

-----Britain became the “workshop of the world”.

23.What is the House of Lords made up of? ------It is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.

24.What are the two major parties in Ireland? ------They are Fianna Fail and Fine Gael.

25.What is meant by “Vietnamization” of the war?

--------It meant that South Vietnamese troops would be war-built up to replace Americal fighting force.

26.Which country is the world’s biggest

producer and user of tobacco?

------It is the U.S.A..

27.Who was the only writer in colonial period still read today?

-------He was Benjamin Franklin.

28.Who was the first prime minister in Canada?

------He was Sir John Macdonald.

29.What was the convict system?

------In(來自:www.91mayou.com 蒲公英文摘:英美文化常識) the convict system, the convicts were punished by being transported to remote places.

30.How is New Zealand electricity produced? ------It is produced by: firstly,hydropower;secondly,gas;thirdly,coal.

31.What is the most important established Church in Britain?

-----It is the Church of England.

32.What is the jury’s job in Britain?

------In criminal cases,it is to decide the issue of guilt or innocence.

33.Where were oil and natural gas found in

英美文化常識篇二:英美文化知識競賽試題

英語系英美文化知識競賽試題

第一部分(客觀題,共60分) PART ONE

Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] are given. Choose the one which you think best completes the statement or answers the questions . (60 points, 2 point for each)

1. The British Isles are made up of _____ . A. three large islands and hundreds of small ones B. three large islands and dozens of small ones C. two large islands and hundreds of small ones D. two large islands and dozens of small ones

2. In Britain,____ formally appoints important government ministers, judges, _____ A. the Queen

B. the Prime Minister

C. the Lord President of the Council D. the Speaker of the House of Commons

3. Christianity was first brought to England by ____. A. the Romans B. the Celts

C. the Anglo-Saxons D. the Danes

4. ______ is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. A. The Irish Labour Party B. The Progressive Democrats C. Fianna Fail D. Fine Gael

5. The Romans led by Julius Caesar launched their first invasion on Britain in ______. A. 200 B.C.B. 55 B.C.C. 55 A.D.D. 410 A.D.

6. When Wales was brought under the English Crown, the title of “Prince of Wales” was borne by _____, the eldest son of the reigning monarch. A. Richard IB. Hey III C. Edward ID. Edward II

7. Christmas Day, December 25th, celebrates the ____ of Christ, and is the great Christian festivals.

A. birth B. death

C. CrucifixionD. Resurrection

8. British recorded history begins with the ___invasion. A. RomanB. Viking C. Anglo-Saxon D. Norman

9. In the United Kingdom, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of ___. A. the Speaker C. the Duke of Edinburgh

10. In England no females were allowed to vote in national elections before ___. A. 1918 B. 1920 C. 1928

D. 1945

B. the Lord Chancellor D. the Prime Minister

11. The two very important crops in Britain are ___. A. barley and corn B. wheat and rice

C. barley and oats D. wheat and barley

12. In Britain, a ____ is held when a Member of Parliament dies, retires or resigns. A. civic election

B. by-election D. general election

C. popular election

13. The eldest son of Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ——Prince Charles, Prince of _____, is the heir to the throne. A. England C. Wales

B. Scotland D. Northern Ireland

14. In Britain, the Speaker is a member who is acceptable to all shades of opinion in _______. A. the Privy CouncilB. the House of Lords C. the Supreme CourtD. the House of Commons

15. Australia, which is one of the world's developed countries, has become rich through _____. A. manufacturing industries B. farming and mining C. service industries D. forestry and fishing

16. With regard to its size, Australia is _____ country in the world. A. the third largest B. the fourth largest C. the fifth largest D. the sixth largest

17. Australia is the world's largest exporter of _____. A. wheat B. wool

C. meatD. dairy products

18. The main feature of Australia's trade is that ______.

A. it is mainly with developing countries and Great Britain B. it has had a deficit on visible trade C. it has had a surplus on invisible trade

D. it has involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products

19. It is assumed that the first Europeans who reached Australia’s shores were _____. A. the Dutch B. the English C. the Germans

D. the Spanish and Portugese

20. The head of state of Australia is ______. A. the Governor B. the President C. the Prime MinisterD. the Queen of England

21. Politically, Australia is divided into _____states and two territories. A. fourB. five C. six D. seven

22. Among the five Australian cities with a population of over a million only ___ lies on the Western coast.

A. SydneyB. Brisbane C. Melbourne D. Perth

23. Apart from Britain, the Queen is also the head of state of the following countries EXCEPT

______. A.Australia B.Canada C.New Zealand D.South Africa

24. In New Zealand, nearly three-quarters of the population (including more than 95 percent of the Maori) live in ____. A. South Island B. North Island C. Stwart Island

D. the Chatham Islands

25. The natural disasters in New Zealand may include ______. A.earthquakes, volcanoes and flooding B.volcanoes, flooding and heavy snows C.earthquakes, flooding, and heavy snows D.volcanoes, heavy snows and earthquakes

26. New Zealand’s highest peak is ___ in the mountain range called the central Southern Alps. A. Mount Ngauruhoe B. Mount Tongariro C. Mount CookD. Mount Taranaki

27. ______ is the capital of New Zealand. A.Auckland B.Wellington C.Toronto D.Montreal

28. New Zealand consists of two main islands: _______. A. North Island and South island B. Steward Island and Long Island C. West Island and East Island D. Victorian island and Tasman Island

29. New Zealand’s climate is generally _____ and seasonal differences are not so great. A. dry and coldB. mild and moist C. hot and wet D. windy and cold

30. Colored eggs and bunny are traditional symbols of _____. A. Easter B. Christmas C. Valentine D. New Year's Day

PART TWO

Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false(F). (10 points, 2 point for each)

31.( )Britain is no longer an imperial country.

32.( )The capital of Belfast is a larger city with half a million people.

33.( )Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics.

34.( )In the UK, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances.

35.( )The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreign policy.

36.( )Ireland is a republic with a government headed by a Prime Minister, elected directly by the people.

37.( )The attitude of Ireland toward Britain is dislike or even hatred because of the colonial past.

38.( )The European settlement in Australian started in 1788 in Sydney.

39.( )Victoria and South Australian were established as convict colonies.

40.( )Convict transportation to Australian continent was stopped in 1852.

第二部分(主觀題,共20分)

Given an one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer on the answer sheet. (20 points,4 points for each)

41. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?

42. What does the British Parliament consist of?

43. Who is the most well-known Irish writer of the modern period?

44. Who is the writer of A Midsummer Night’s Dream?

45. Who is the first female Prime Minister in Australia?

英美文化常識篇三:英美文化背景知識

英美文化背景知識

英語國家中傳統(tǒng)的文娛和體育活動;棒球、橄欖球等;英國;

4月23日/7月---戲劇節(jié)--為紀(jì)念莎士比亞而舉行的盛大文娛活動

英語國家中重要的節(jié)假日及主要慶祝方式圣誕節(jié)---12月25日,情人節(jié)----2月14日;感恩節(jié)—11月的第四個星期四開始,持續(xù)四天

感恩節(jié)

每年11月的最后一個星期四是感恩節(jié) (Thanksgiving Day) 。感恩節(jié)是美國人民獨創(chuàng)的一個古老節(jié)日,也是美國人合家歡聚的節(jié)日,因此美國人提起感恩節(jié)總是倍感親切。 感恩節(jié)的由來要一直追溯到美國歷史的發(fā)端。1620年,著名的“五月花”號船滿載不堪忍受英國國內(nèi)宗教迫害的清教徒102人到達(dá)美洲。1620年和1621年之交的冬天,他們遇到了難以想象的困難,處在饑寒交迫之中,冬天過去時,活下來的移民只有50來人。這時,心地善良的印第安人給移民送來了生活必需品,還特地派人教他們怎樣狩獵、捕魚和種植玉米、南瓜。在印第安人的幫助下,移民們終于獲得了豐收,在歡慶豐收的日子,按照宗教傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗,移民規(guī)定了感謝上帝的日子,并決定為感謝印第安人的真誠幫助,邀請他們一同慶祝節(jié)日。

在第一個感恩節(jié)的這一天,印第安人和移民歡聚一堂,他們在黎明時鳴放禮炮,列隊走進一間用作教堂的屋子,虔誠地向上帝表達(dá)謝意,然后點起篝火舉行盛大宴會。第二天和第三天又舉行了摔跤、賽跑、唱歌、跳舞等活動。第一個感恩節(jié)非常成功。其中許多慶祝方式流傳了300多年,一直保留到今天。

初時感恩節(jié)沒有固定日期,由各州臨時決定。直到美國獨立后的1863年,林肯總統(tǒng)宣布感恩節(jié)為全國性節(jié)日。

習(xí) 俗

每逢感恩節(jié)這一天,美國舉國上下熱鬧非常,人們按照習(xí)俗前往教堂做感恩祈禱,城鄉(xiāng)市鎮(zhèn)到處舉行化裝游行、戲劇表演和體育比賽等,學(xué)校和商店也都按規(guī)定放假體息。孩子們還模仿當(dāng)年印第安人的模樣穿上離奇古怪的服裝,畫上臉譜或戴上面具到街上唱歌、吹喇叭。散居在他鄉(xiāng)外地的家人也會回家過節(jié),一家人團團圍坐在一起,大嚼美味火雞。

同時,好客的美國人也忘不掉這一天邀請好友、單身漢或遠(yuǎn)離家鄉(xiāng)的入共度佳節(jié)。從18世紀(jì)起,美國就開始出現(xiàn)一種給貧窮人家送一籃子食物的風(fēng)俗。當(dāng)時有一群年輕婦女想在一年中選一天專門做善事,認(rèn)為選定感恩節(jié)是最恰當(dāng)不過的。所以感恩節(jié)一到,她們就裝上滿清一籃食物親自送到窮人家。這件事遠(yuǎn)近傳聞,不久就有許多人學(xué)著她們的樣子做起來。

美 食

美國人一年中最重視的一餐,就是感恩節(jié)的晚宴。在美國這個生活節(jié)奏很快,競爭激烈的國度里,平日的飲食極為簡單。但在感恩節(jié)的夜晚,家家戶戶都大辦筵席,物品之豐盛,令人咋舌。在節(jié)日的餐桌上,上至總統(tǒng),下至庶民,火雞和南瓜餅都是必備的。因此,感恩

節(jié)也被稱為“火雞節(jié)”。

感恩節(jié)的食品富有傳統(tǒng)特色;痣u是感恩節(jié)的傳統(tǒng)主菜,它原是棲息于北美洲的野禽,后經(jīng)人們大批飼養(yǎng),成為美味家禽,每只可重達(dá)四五十磅。通常是把火雞肚子里塞上各種調(diào)料和拌好的食品,然后整只烤出,雞皮烤成深棕色,由男主人用刀切成薄片分給大家。然后由各人自己澆上鹵汁,灑上鹽,味道十分鮮美。此外,感恩節(jié)的傳統(tǒng)食品還有甜山芋、玉蜀黍、南瓜餅、紅莓苔子果醬、自己烘烤的面包及各種蔬菜和水果等。

游 戲

感恩節(jié)宴會后,有些家庭還常常做些傳統(tǒng)游戲。第一次感恩節(jié),人們進行了跳舞、比賽等許多娛樂活動,其中有些一直流傳至今。有種游戲叫蔓越桔競賽,是把一個裝有蔓越桔的大碗放在地上,4-10名競賽者圍坐在周圍,每人發(fā)給針線一份。比賽一開始,他們先穿針線,然后把蔓越桔一個個串起來,3分鐘一到;誰串得最長,誰就得獎。至于穿得最慢的人,大家還開玩笑地發(fā)給他一個最差獎。

還有一種玉米游戲也很古老。據(jù)說這是為了紀(jì)念當(dāng)年在糧食匱乏的情況下發(fā)給每個移民五個玉米而流傳下來的。游戲時。人們把五個玉米藏在屋里,由大家分頭去找,找到玉米的五個人參加比賽,其他人在一旁觀看。比賽開始,五個人就迅速把玉米粒剝在一個碗里,誰先剝完誰得獎,然后由沒有參加比賽的人圍在碗旁邊猜里面有多少玉米粒,猜得數(shù)量最接近的獎給一大意爆玉米花。

人們最喜愛的游戲要算南瓜賽跑了。比賽者用一把小勺推著南瓜跑,規(guī)則是絕對不能用手碰南瓜,先到終點者獲獎。比賽用的勺子越小,游戲就越有意思。

除去這些活動外,有些家庭在節(jié)日里驅(qū)車到鄉(xiāng)間去郊游,或是坐飛機出去旅行,特別是當(dāng)年移民們安家落戶的地方——普利茅斯港更是游客們向往的所在。在那里,可以看到按照“五月花”號仿制的船和普利茅斯石,還可以花幾個小時在移民村里參觀。移民村是仿照當(dāng)年的樣子建成的。參觀時,還有專門人員扮成請教徒同游客們談天,給人以身臨其境的感覺。 多少年來,慶祝感恩節(jié)的習(xí)俗代代相傳,無論在巖石嶙峋的西海岸還是在風(fēng)光旖旎的夏威夷,人們幾乎在以同樣的方式歡度感恩節(jié),感恩節(jié)是不論何種信仰、何種民族的美國人都慶祝的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。

圣誕節(jié)

12月25日這一天,各教會都會分別舉行崇拜儀式。天主教與東正教舉行圣誕彌撤,新教舉行圣誕禮拜。有些教會的慶;顒 從午夜零點就開始。除崇拜儀式外,還演出圣誕劇,表演 耶穌降生的故事。

圣誕起源

據(jù)基督教徒的圣書《圣經(jīng)》說,上帝決定讓他的獨生子耶穌基督投生人間,找個母親,然后就在人間生活,以便人們能更好地了解上帝、學(xué)習(xí)熱愛上帝和更好地相互熱愛!笆フQ節(jié)”的意思是“慶;健,慶祝一個年輕的猶太婦女瑪麗婭生下耶穌的時刻。

瑪麗婭已和木匠約瑟夫訂婚?墒牵谒麄兺又,約瑟夫發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪麗婭已懷孕。因為約瑟夫是個正派的人,又不想把這件事說出去讓她丟臉,所以他想悄悄地和她分手。他正在考慮這事時,上帝的天使出現(xiàn)在他的夢中,對他說,“不要嘀咕了,把瑪麗婭娶回家。她懷的孩子來自圣靈。她將生下個男孩子,你們給孩子起名叫耶穌,因為他將從罪惡中拯救人們!

盡管耶穌的確切生日并不清楚,大約是在2000年前,但是日歷按著假定日期把時間分為公元前(耶穌基督誕生前)和公元后(A. D. 是拉丁文縮寫,意思是“有了我們主--耶穌的年代”)。在公元后的頭三百年間,耶穌的生日是在不同的日子慶祝的。最后,在公元354年,教堂的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人把12月25日定為耶穌基督的生日。

圣誕PARTY:

圣誕節(jié)必不可少的節(jié)目,有家庭式的,朋友式的,情人式的各種歌樣PARTY。一種友情,親情,愛情聚會的好時光。戴著圣誕帽,唱著圣誕歌,說說大家的圣誕愿望。

圣誕大餐:

圣誕節(jié)作為一個隆重慶祝節(jié)日,不能少了好吃美味食品。圣誕節(jié)火雞大餐就是例牌主菜了,以前的人們或許會用微波爐自己做,現(xiàn)在的人們過節(jié)好多就是在外面餐館里用餐了,商家們也會利用機會賺顧客們的錢,當(dāng)然還有許多圣誕節(jié)食品,姜餅、糖果等等了。

圣誕帽:

那是一頂紅色帽子,據(jù)說晚上戴上睡覺除了睡得安穩(wěn)和有點暖外,第二天你還會發(fā)現(xiàn)在帽子里多了點心愛的人送的禮物。在狂歡夜它更是全場的主角,無論你去到那個角落,都會看到各式各樣的紅帽子,有的還有帽尖發(fā)亮的,有的是金光閃閃的。

圣誕襪:

最早以前是一對紅色的大襪子,多大都可以,因為圣誕襪是要用來裝禮物的,小朋友最喜歡的東西,晚上他們會將自己的襪子掛在床邊,等待第二天早上的收禮。要是有人圣誕節(jié)送小汽車那怎么辦?那最好就叫他寫張支票放進襪子里好了。

圣誕卡:

是祝賀圣誕及新年的賀卡,上面印著關(guān)于耶穌降生故事的圖畫,以及“慶祝圣誕、新年快樂之類的祝愿的話。

報佳音:

圣誕夜指12月24日晚至25日晨。教會組織一些圣詩班(或由信徒自發(fā)地組成)挨門挨戶地在門口或窗下唱圣誕頌歌,叫作“報佳音”,意思是再現(xiàn)當(dāng)年天使向伯利恒郊外的牧羊人報告耶穌降生的喜訊。“報佳音”的人稱為Christmas Waits,這項活動往往要進行到天亮,人數(shù)越來越多,歌聲越來越大,大街小巷滿城盡是歌聲。

英美文化背景知識

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[阿波羅計劃](Apollo Plan)

1961年,美國總統(tǒng)肯尼迪(J.F.Kennedy,1961年1月至1963年11月在任,1963年11月遇刺身亡)批準(zhǔn)的一項美國航天計劃。這項計劃準(zhǔn)備于60年代末把人送到月球并安全護送回地面。為實現(xiàn)這項計劃,關(guān)國開發(fā)了“水星”,“雙星子痤”和“阿波羅”三種宇宙飛船。其中“阿波羅”由指令艙、服務(wù)艙和登月艙組成。各個組成部分的功能不同:指令艙中坐3名宇航員,并對飛船進行全面監(jiān)控;服務(wù)艙提供動力能源;登月艙是登月之工具!鞍⒉_”飛船用“土星五號”火箭送到月球附近,兩名宇航員乘登月艙降到月球表面,完成任務(wù)后,安全返回飛船,飛回地球。美國在1963-----1966年間進行了多次不載人的登陸月飛行實驗。1968年10月,“阿波羅7號“完成了首次載人環(huán)繞地球的飛行,同年12月,”阿波羅8號“成功地進行了人類首次環(huán)月球的飛行,隨后,“阿波羅9號”,“阿波羅10號”只進行了登月艙的模擬登月降落實驗。人類真正登上月球的飛行則是由1969年7月發(fā)送的“阿波羅11號”完成的。兩名美國宇航員成功地登陸上了月球,實現(xiàn)了人類登的夢想。隨后,又發(fā)射了6次飛船,5次成功,每次都有兩名宇航員在月球表面放置了各種實驗儀器,采集了

月球巖石與土壤標(biāo)本,還對月球表面進行了考察,為研究月球與月環(huán)空間提供了可靠的科學(xué)資料。在歷次登月的“阿波羅17號”成功降落月球表面而告結(jié)束,歷時11年,耗資高達(dá)250億美元,眾多的公司,高校和研究的數(shù)十萬工作人員參加了這項計劃的研究與實施。由于這項計劃主要是由“阿波羅”飛船完成的,故稱“阿波羅”計劃。

[艾森豪威爾主義](Eisenhower Doctrine)

美國總統(tǒng)艾森豪威爾在冷戰(zhàn)時期提出的一種對政策。他答應(yīng)向為抵御共產(chǎn)主義而需要幫助的任何中樂國家提供軍事或經(jīng)濟援助,以遏制蘇聯(lián)在這一地區(qū)由于向埃及和其他阿拉伯國家提供武器而不斷擴大的影響,并宣布說:任何中東國家如果尋求美國的幫助,他必定用武力去保護它的獨立。這實際上是10年前杜魯門在希臘和士耳其所執(zhí)行的類似政策的繼續(xù)。根據(jù)艾森豪威爾主義,美國應(yīng)黎巴嫩政府的請求,曾于1958年7月派海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊登陸,協(xié)助黎巴嫩政府鎮(zhèn)壓該國共產(chǎn)黨組織的武裝活動。

[白宮和白廳](White House and Whitehall)

乍看起來,白宮與白廳似乎有著緊密的關(guān)系,其實他們迥然不同。白宮是美國總統(tǒng)的官邸,坐落在首都華成功頓的賓夕法尼亞林陰大道,初建于1792年,是一幢二層建筑物。原來白宮的墻為煙火所熏染,才全部刷成白色。白宮自1800年的第二屆總統(tǒng)亞當(dāng)斯志便于工作成為總統(tǒng)官邸。以后曾多次改建、擴充。第26屆總統(tǒng)西奧多.羅期福在信中首次使用“白宮”一詞,于是,人們從此便視白宮為美國政府的代稱。白廳,現(xiàn)在是英國倫敦城內(nèi)的一條街,位于國會大廈和唐寧街之間,是英國政府所在地。樞密院,內(nèi)政部,外交部,國防部等均設(shè)于此。而在唐寧街10號(No.10,Downing

Street)的首相官邸,便于工作是白廳的中心。白廳原是白金漢宮東面的一座乳白色的大樓,可惜毀于1698年的一場大火,人們常常將白廳作為英國政府行政部門的代稱。

[白金漢宮](Buckingham Palace)

白金漢宮是英國的現(xiàn)代王宮,坐落在倫敦西區(qū)中心,東接對詹姆斯公園(St.James’s Park),西臨海德公園(Hyde

Park).起初是白金漢公爵于1703年建造的一座公館。1761年,英王喬治三世花了2萬1千英鎊為其妻買下。1825年喬治四世花了10年時間加以重建,并把它作為王宮。1837年,維多利亞女王(Queen

Victoria)接替王位后,白金漢宮正式成為王宮,F(xiàn)在的白金漢宮是一個三層樓的建筑群。整個建筑富麗堂皇,精雅別致。宮內(nèi)有宴會廳、音樂廳、畫廊、圖書室、皇家集郵室等600多個要室,陳列著歷代皇室收藏的許多藝術(shù)珍品還有一個占地約18公頃,幽靜,秀麗的御花園,F(xiàn)今女王伊麗莎白二世(Queen

ElizabethII)在倫敦時就信在這里。女王召見首相和大臣,接待和宴請外國元首,接受外國使節(jié)遞交國書等重大活動,都在宮內(nèi)舉行。

不過,只有少數(shù)進行正式訪問的外國元首才能下榻白金漢宮。

[白皮書](White Book 或White Paper)

指某國政府或議會發(fā)表的重要文件或報告書,因其封面為白色而是得名。不同國家的重要文件或報告書,都有各自慣用的顏色,如英國采用藍(lán)色封面(藍(lán)皮書);法國好用黃色封面(黃皮書);美國常用白色封面(白皮書);西班牙喜用紅色封面(紅皮書);意大利慣用綠色封面(綠皮書)。但實際上,同一個國家使用的文伯封面顏色并不只限于一種。后來,白皮書,紅皮書,黃皮書等便成了某些國家重要官方文件的代稱了。

[北大西洋公約組織](North Atlantic Treaty Organization---NATO) 簡稱“經(jīng)約”,為西歐主要國家組成的軍事集團。1949年4月成立于華盛頓。當(dāng)時的成員國有美國、法國、加拿大、比利時、盧森堡、挪威、冰島、葡萄牙、意大

利。這些國家在成立該組織之際,共同簽訂了北大西洋公約。50年代,希臘、土耳其及原聯(lián)邦德國了相繼加入這個組織,隨后,西班呀于80年代初也加入進來。該組織的主要機構(gòu)有:部長理事會(最高權(quán)力機構(gòu),由成員國外交部長組成);軍事委員會(最高軍事機構(gòu),由軍事組織參加國的總參謀劃長組成);防務(wù)計劃委員會(由防務(wù)一體化指揮系統(tǒng)參加國的國防部長組成);常設(shè)理事會(由各成員國一名大使級代表組成);國務(wù)秘書處(主要負(fù)責(zé)北約會議的準(zhǔn)備,組織及聯(lián)絡(luò)工作)。各機構(gòu)的權(quán)力與職能不同。北約的主要活動是通過各機構(gòu)的工作與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)就國際重大政策、軍事問題進行商討,協(xié)調(diào)立場,并研究,制定重大政治政策和統(tǒng)一軍事戰(zhàn)略與軍事行動計劃。北約還設(shè)立了四個地區(qū)性軍事指揮機構(gòu):歐洲盟軍、大西洋盟軍和海峽盟軍司令部及美聯(lián)國一加拿大計劃小組。軍事委員會統(tǒng)一指揮各戰(zhàn)區(qū)司令部的工作。目前,北約總部設(shè)在比利時首都布魯塞爾。

相關(guān)熱詞搜索:英美 常識 文化 英美文化常識總結(jié) 英美文化常識測試

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