̶,_Կl(xing)оʮ^
l(f)rg:2020-06-12 Դ: ժ c
ժҪ
Lrgġl(xing)һɲߡʹóкl(xing)ɞЇW(xu)g(sh)оăɂȻM档кl(xing)ɞЇطc팍`ăɂͬl(xing)hȳ^(q)Ӷ(f)sl(xing)оҲ(zhn)ڷl(xing)幫оČW(xu)g(sh)MĻA(ch)19982008gCSSCIzՓcҪՓоW(xu)ƽʾl(xing)оĻՓҪ(ni)cl(f)չڅĶչF(xin)ʮЇl(xing)幫о˼ScW(xu)g(sh)^l(xing)ЇġW(xu)g(sh)ʮЇČW(xu)ʢӳ׃w^еČW(xu)g(sh)Լ}RP(gun)ѺĺPͬr[طСl(xing)冖}ijm(x)߉r(nng)彨O(sh)ZЇl(xing)幫оČW(xu)g(sh)PcՓMc`ָ(do)ֵMһԏጺ
P(gun)I~
l(xing)Ї
īIо
ЈD̖F3D63 īIRa
A¾̖1672-6162(2008)04-0009-10
1978갲PСr(nng)ġɡɞЇĸһc1998ͨ^ġA͇Mٵ2005ͨ^ġй(w)ԺP(gun)Mxr(nng)彨O(sh)Ҋֱ2008깲30ı׃wشЇr(nng)Ľ(jng)O(sh)νO(sh)O(sh)MͰl(f)չMl(f)ЇW(xu)g(sh)ԼW(xu)ߵļMfl(xing)彨O(sh)Իl(xing)ā]ĂЇһΌW(xu)W(xu)W(xu)(jng)W(xu)vʷW(xu)W(xu)W(xu)TW(xu)Ƴ־õP(gun)ע
1 l(xing)幫оČW(xu)g(sh)M
1.1l(xing)彨O(sh)l(xing)r
l(xing)冖}ĵһо߳F(xin)20oʮ_˃ɷNͬķ·һl(xing)彨O(sh)ڸl(xing)塢Ըl(f)l(xing)彨O(sh)\߀ꖳS
MТͨČW(xu)ԺڌW(xu)g(sh)оҪЇr(nng)r(nng)Ć}оƫՓO(sh)߀h
Փġl(xing)彨O(sh)\ӡͱc(dng)rЇ(lin)ϵ20oʮЇ̎܊y(zhn)rVr(nng)^(q)ɞ˃(ni)(zhn)đ(zhn)܊aoأ(ni)n(zi)˵ʹBԡl(xing)彨O(sh)\ӱ@ӵı°l(f)϶µĸ\˽t(y)l(wi)l(wi)ȸI(lng)ă(ni)ʽӡVӰh֮ٝƶȸc䌦}JRܲɷ֡ЇRĸ}ǡĻʧ{(dio)ƶȵIJB(ti)횏ġ(chung)ĻȻfr(nng)塱ҲǏl(xing)彨O(sh)[1]mȻߌڴ\ӵЧ(sh)JHP(gun)ע˼֦ĩ(ji)Ć}ĸЇLj\һϵиĸ˼ʹʩԾзeOĽbxڕrh(hun)Ѱl(f)˾׃Ľ죬ڮ(dng)rĸìѲ(f)^ȥ^ġ֦(ji)ԽԽɞr(nng)ĸҪP(gun)עĽcMТͨČW(xu)ԺɄtһǶ_l(xing)оҕҰ20o30MТͨڃ(ni)r(nng)_չ{(dio)оr(nng)Sٔ(sh)^(q)ĸNͬ͵^(q)(j){(dio)_O(sh)ˡl(xing)W(xu)nMһ̽Їl(xing)cڴ˻A(ch)γɡl(xing)Ї[2]ƶȡ[3]@ɱ(jng)ɕƫͨՓ|(zh)ՓόЇy(tng)l(xing)ĽY(ji)(gu)cM˿Y(ji)һϵµĸFwM(qun)ͬ(qun)l(xing)о˻A(ch)ʹČW(xu)ڽl(xing)¼^̕rٕ漰l(xing)YԴԒZc鲻ͬǣMТͨJ顮Їr(nng)}I}@һxMТͨٝЇa(chn)hƶȸķʽQ؆}[4]
fl(xing)彨O(sh)\ڌ`оH錍`(w)tl(xing)оڌW(xu)g(sh)`{(dio)ǞCо߸ƫͬ顰ΡrڵоṩˌFĽ(jng)ͳɹ
1.2Εr
20o80dl(xing)彨O(sh){ˇҹ܉l(xing)оڶ߳һ݅W(xu)ˮйʡίķؚCһؚɽl(xing)ķؚĸ﷽дОĻؚҪȫʩίTMϸxM˴εԇڌ`^߀ˡЇΡ[5]ͬrˡՓ(w)r(nng)Ŀ̖{(dio)Փо(yng)ԓͷ(w)r(nng)ĸĸՓҪr(nng)塣ںM{(dio)鼰c˴{(dio)漰W(xu)g(sh)ՓӰСЇr(nng)(qun)[6]Їr(nng)弉22{(dio)c^[7]߀(chung)AЎW(xu)Їr(nng)冖}оB(yng)һr(nng)W(xu)ߡεо·оl(f)չǰMϵy(tng)Їr(nng)Ρ[8]оMһµľ֮SW(xu)ߌεĮa(chn)\Эh(hun)O(sh)wʩЧM˲̶ͬȵоRIġr(nng)ֻ^еĴΡ[9]ФSġSҕеĴֱx[10]־xġl(xing)P(gun)ϵҕҰеĴfxe[11]hġr(nng)(qun)\cΡ[12]Rѩȵġxel(xing)[13]ġεĴfA(ch)[14]ȶ@Щ
fMоČW(xu)߂AɌW(xu)Їr(nng)冖}оĞꇵ،M˱^̽оɹl(xing)о˻ҲAЌW(xu)r(nng)}оϵҪλ춨˻A(ch)
1.3l(xing)r
l(xing)20oĩ21oAɌW(xu)ߞ顰Ρx¶xnjεоI(lng)ĔUĴεl(xing)D(zhun)׃cAɌW(xu)ߌοЧđB(ti)D(zhun)׃ܲɷ֡ڴεĿЧW(xu)籣NB(ti)ȣMՓՓ͑ՓԅAɌW(xu)(jng)MՓēo1999(dng)ՓĴ֮һhӢڡΡεc[15]һЌεĺЧԼrֵλ|(zh)ɕrAЎW(xu)Їr(nng)冖}оĵ10λM^ӑՓָhӢ^εĿ˃rֵ˴ڬF(xin)Aֶεx
JЇF(xin)AγГ(dn)pܣһǴ(zh)ЇƶP(gun)ᘡߣɇ_ĸ΄(w)
һǽM(w)MҹֶκͻO(sh)pxɫ[16]Ȼ¸sJһNƶȵ䌍ҲSl(f)f(ni)ìܣĶD(zhun)l(xing)о·ɡS÷[]l(xing)匍`ČW(xu)g(sh)D(zhun)^Ӱ(ni)ČW(xu)ڌW(xu)g(sh)L(fng)ϵD(zhun)͡ķƶxоΑB(ti)D(zhun)^CxĴˣAɌW(xu)_ʼl(xing)(zhn)ĸl(xing)_ͻȽǶȌl(xing)չ_оȡHSijɹRѩġl(xing)A(ch)[17]ġ׃wеę(qun)c[18]־xġxe¼cfΡ[19]ȶ@Ĵ⣬RѩAɌW(xu)߀AпƼW(xu)Їl(xing)оģ(chung)W(wng)վͳ桶r(nng)ЇW(xu)g(sh)ƽ_l(xing)о(chung)õĭh(hun)
1.4l(xing)彨O(sh)r
l(xing)彨O(sh)cl(xing)ͬrģ֮ԷһµAδоԜF܊ıW(xu)_ʼLԇꖳEdl(xing)彨O(sh)\F܊J顰(dng)l(xing)彨O(sh)(ң ң)ǹI(y)ٕrڞ˾l(xing)r(nng)˥MΣҵĿɳm(x)l(f)չMе֪RӺW(xu)Ȍ(do)AXccr(nng)l(xing)ĻY(ji)ϵ`Եĸԇ
ҲՓо͇HȷP(gun)[20]ڌ`һϵеćLԇ(chung)ꖳl(xing)彨O(sh)W(xu)Ժl(xing)彨O(sh)ṩˌ`cƽ_l(f)𡰴W(xu)l(xing)ЄӡB(yng)r(nng)僞(yu)㽨O(sh)˲_l(xing)彨O(sh)ԇԎr(nng)M̶ȣ2005l(xing)彨O(sh)ȫصl(xing)彨O(sh)RѩҲġl(xing)Їᵽˡl(xing)l(xing)彨O(sh)ָ2002AЎЇr(nng)冖}о½ڵI(lng)(do)l(xing)оĵĺĸl(xing)彨O(sh)оĿ[21]244l(xing)l(xing)彨O(sh)䌍һăSrǽ綨ͬtǰƫھCо߸ע،`\Rѩfl(xing)оİl(f)չ͌`Ƕȿ䌍l(xing)彨O(sh)Ξ9|Їr(nng)^ġwk[21]244ԅRѩA20oĩwČW(xu)g(sh)D(zhun)о·һֱSMТּͨͨ^Č{(dio)l(f)ЇNصՓYԴڽO(sh)ҰsKwڌW(xu)g(sh)Q֮{(dio)ԇHMЌW(xu)g(sh)ֶ̽(dng)ȻRѩl(xing)l(xing)彨O(sh)[21]244ڌW(xu)g(sh)ɹ\ڌ`䌍Ч߀д^졣
֮l(xing)l(xing)彨O(sh)ǴΏՓоH\õcD(zhun)ƣAɌW(xu)cɌW(xu)@һc;ͬwͬl(xing)彨O(sh)ij(do)ߣF܊cRѩڿO(sh)^еărֵƫRѩJl(xing)彨O(sh)(yng)ĻO(sh)l(xing)彨O(sh)\˵錧(do)ărֵ^cҸ^γ(lin)ϵɞ֧µ˵ĿģЇy(tng)l(xing)錧(do)ľ\[21]249-250F܊tl(xing)彨O(sh)(yng)Խ(jng)O(sh)J飺Їڃɴìܣһǡ˵P(gun)ϵ߶ȾoĻìܣǡl(xing)ԪY(ji)(gu)ĻwìЇ(yng)ӿлԾسd˿ډ(yng)ԓ(chung)µLc[22]߀21oxҪʹкĄtкa(chn)Ҫxƶ䌍(jng)ƶ[23]
l(xing)彨O(sh)\njrl(xing)彨O(sh)\ӵ^кͰl(f)չ֮gִһą^(q)ef(dng)rl(xing)彨O(sh)ĉF(xin)ڵl(xing)彨O(sh)ƫڰl(f)չҪ
ǰ߸{(dio)ãߏ{(dio)RµľC
ǰҪɾӢƄӣ]ܵijJ߅sõˇķ
2 l(xing)幫оҪՓ
l(xing)֞顰l(xing)͡ΡɴK(ni)ȻMl(xing)оrW(xu)߂оλڴfһfһĆλһL߉
f̎ڇc̎λڞ϶µć(qun)c¶ϵr(nng)ṩ˳m(x)ĵĹ(c̎xһ)˱Փl(xing)ͬӌоcڡΡϣHHl(xing)εĭh(hun)MКw{l(xing)Ԓ}´μI(lng)࣬I(lng)Mrg^(q)eďl(xing)ĺ^Y(ji)(gu)l(xing)ĭh(hun)w^Sչ_о
2.1έh(hun)
fҕ骚Ăw߅҂Ԍέh(hun)xһӰ푴ΰl(f)չcfMQ^Ӱfă(ni)l(f)չĿέh(hun)Ҫλڇƶ׃l(xing)Ӱĸĸ_r(nng)(jng)vһϵе׃Ӱ^l(xing)ČW(xu)g(sh)ҕҰռ(j)Ҫλ
(1)ƶȸĸͥ(lin)a(chn)а؟(z)ƵČʩr(nng)彛(jng)wƸĸcҪĵλһֱnjW(xu)g(sh)߹ߘOP(gun)עğcP(gun)Ɔ}r(nng)ʹÙ(qun)D(zhun)}ӑՓࡣP(gun)Ɔ}ʮ҂һֱԳֵصļw@NǷ(yng)ԓm(x)W(xu)ٷͬĿһN؇лᳫUؼwһ؇xr(nng)(qun)r(nng)ɵؽ(jng)ID(zhun)ڇSķ(ni)ڶN˽лخa(chn)(qun)ȫr(nng)ԓ^cijJЇĿǰڵġr(nng)}YY(ji)r(nng)زr(nng)ϣr(nng)JԼNĵԼԛ]LhͶYصĴ[24]NڬF(xin)еؼwƻA(ch)Ƴаƶ^cJ؇л^ÓxH˽лֻ{(dio)صĽ(jng)ܶ䱣ϹֻЈԳؼwЇ͝uMʽĸִ^cČW(xu)ͬӷˬF(xin)سаƶȵķNN˲ҪسаMһP(gun)r(nng)ʹÙ(qun)D(zhun)Ć}Ԓ}ڽSr(nng)ЈijF(xin)ͷa(chn)P(gun)}ضһСµӑՓᳱW(xu)F(xin)_ɵĹRǼӿr(nng)D(zhun)Јl(f)չr(nng)YԴĺúr(nng)彛(jng)l(f)չ@ķһǶMУһǏخa(chn)(qun)ȱǶ[25]
ǏĽǶ[26]
Ǐr(nng)ϵĽǶ[27]鱣CʹÙ(qun)ЈD(zhun)ĹƽԣF(xin)ȫͬͬ(qun)ͬr߀kؽĘ(gu)[28]ʹW(xu)ӑՓݱ댦r(nng)ʹÙ(qun)D(zhun)ʼK]ЏƶMҎ(gu)һֱȡĬSđB(ti)ȡطt(j)(dng)?sh)صČHr@ͨuF(xin)һơ°l(f)سаίн(jng)IҎ(gu)ģ(jng)IɷݺUĻġuʽW(xu)猦@ЩwʽҲоּ̽r(nng)ʹÙ(qun)D(zhun)Ч
(2)r(nng)嶐Mĸr(nng)嶐Mĸ2000굽F(xin)һֱl(xing)оcоһֱ@һԒ}ߵĬF(xin)ӰڴvоcF(xin)^С׃2000𣬇ʽ_ʼM^W(xu)ӑՓ^Ƕcr(nng)pؓP(gun)ϵ
2002(c)صǶ^y߽h
2003_ʼP(gun)עĸĿЧ
2004𣬇_ʼpr(nng)I(y)2006ȫ(ni)صȡr(nng)I(y)ĴW(xu)оҪD(zhun)ɷһnjȡr(nng)I(y)
njɶMĸĸl(xing)(zhn)C(gu)ĸо
ȡr(nng)I(y)@һW(xu)߂ٝ˷ٝ߶r(nng)I(y)ڵĺMзJr(nng)I(y)Ƿ⽨rڵġʼZڮ(dng)m(x)LJҌr(nng)ЏƵĚvʷzEr(nng)aĕrҪֹ֧I(y)İl(f)չڹI(y)r(nng)I(y)ĬF(xin)r(nng)I(y)ȫʧȥ˴ڵߵɲ̫y(tng)һһNҊǏǶȿ]Jr(nng)I(y)ȡpٻؔգṩ(w)ʹֻܲáߵֶΡ[29]Oؑ(yng)Mĸ
һNҊǏr(nng)ؓ(dn)Ƕȿ]Jr(nng)I(y)ȡ]Мppr(nng)ؓ(dn)or(nng)˸صļiɶMĸɵl(xing)ؔ(w)ȱڱͨ^ʽaһһhƶȣ@ЩƶȵČF(xin)ҪM~ijɱʹr(nng)Ҫ(w)ĸhh^r(nng)I(y)rǏĂǶȷ߂һc_ɹRȡr(nng)I(y)߉c߉ȫѵ
P߱^ٝɵڶNҊr(nng)I(y)r(nng)ؓ(dn)бռ(j)ıؾͲF(xin)ڌȡһ挦r(nng)wpؓ]̫x
һɴɵl(xing)ؔհ߀횽һNʽMa(һһhĸ~ɱ_µĶN)ȡr(nng)I(y)ĸĿǞr(nng)pؓȺP(gun)ϵǽ(jng)^ɱ҂l(f)F(xin)ĺr(nng)ؓ(dn)^ȥ@`˶ĵijԆW(xu)߃HHr(nng)or(nng)I(y)ȡ@һcs]пr(nng)Թɶ~ؓ(dn)@Sc@Ӹѵؿ}҂^urһʮкF(xin)҂ҪIJӑՓr(nng)I(y)Ƿ(yng)ԓȡҪӑՓڬF(xin)ĶMƶ(yng)ԓηֹr(nng)ؓ(dn)ķ
(3)l(xing)(zhn)C(gu)ĸl(xing)(zhn)C(gu)ĸ1998_ʼ鶐Mĸ״ʩͬMP(gun)оֲ^vʷF(xin)ǰչСоҪnjl(xing)(zhn)C(gu)ĸl(xing)(zhn)ĸһh(hun)Mп죬Ǐ¹ġՓЇl(xing)(zhn)ĸ25꡷[30]ԓČЇl(xing)(zhn)ĸĚvʷĂAΣAθĸҪ(ni)ҪxRMF(xin)оÌ{(dio)ķʽľwĭh(hun)Ќ挍߷(yng)չоҪ@l(xing)(zhn)C(gu)ܼģʽչ_l(xing)(zhn)C(gu)ģʽδķNl(xing)(zhn)l(xing)sl(xing)(zhn)ȫl(xing)(zhn)wһNģʽ(yng)ɞĸĿW(xu)翴һҊǡl(xing)l(xing)(zhn)(qun)ƽڽVܽBքer(nng)(qun)l(xing)(zhn)Κvʷl(xing)(zhn)ؔՓCˌF(xin)l(xing)(zhn)ΡıȻ[31-33]
teˬF(xin)l(xing)(zhn)C(gu)cЈF(xin)Ҫĸˡhl(xing)Ρĸ[34]
ҲJ顰smģʽ[35]cҊ෴һNJl(xing)(zhn)(qun)ֻܼӏָA͇Ļʯr(nng)(qun)(qun)ˆ}QķֻǸƻ(qun)Ŀ߀Ǽӏ(qun)ȡ(qun)[36]߶Ǐ߉l(f)MUl(xing)(zhn)C(gu)ĸ߉߀P(gun)ע
(4)r(nng)幫(w)^ȫr(nng)幫(w)(dng)2002СġЇr(nng)幫(w)[37]ԓr(nng)幫(w)оՓA(ch)Їr(nng)幫(w)ƶ׃wЇr(nng)幫(w)ϵy(tng)ͷr(nng)幫(w)ʽɞоc_еf2005J@߂һ̖ļоᳱ2005r(nng)幫(w)оҪN;һNP(gun)עr(nng)幫(w)wϵĽ(gu)@о(sh)ռcr(nng)彨O(sh)ԒZo(lin)ϵһ{(dio)һ¡֡΄}˼·ֵע@ЩW(xu)߂r(nng)幫(w)wϵĘ(gu)һN^đB(ti)ȣ^һµJڴ^Б(yng)ԓҲӴؔͶϣĽ(jng)Їl(xing)彨O(sh)\ĿͶעn´彨O(sh)\Ad혺Sͬǰ߿҇Ļy(tng)ͽ(jng)l(f)չˮƽcnT֮̎ڴǰ¸(j)n´\ӵĽ(jng)҇xr(nng)彨O(sh)\һϵеĽh[38]
߲H˃ɇ֮̎߀ָɇ֮gڲԣ@ֱӛQ҇r(nng)彨O(sh)иď(f)sԺL[39]ڶN;P(gun)עr(nng)幫(w)ĹoF(xin)ܛƌW(xu)оĿЇr(nng)幫(w)wϵ(chung)£F(xin)}cߡLֵ^(q)r(nng)幫(w)MȼMˌC[40]N;tǏČW(xu)F(xin)ǶՓCMr(nng)幫(w)O(sh)ķeOx
āfP(gun)ڇƶȰŌl(xing)ӰW(xu)uudһɷƶȰԙ(qun)xĺRѩ塢AɌW(xu)Їr(nng)冖}ĽQҪ{(dio)Y(ji)ϱYԴõһՓጵĆ}ƶȰˮؼڱYԴ֮ϡ˾SҵĄƶȰˇ|(zh)fЇr(nng)ȫһеߺ㶨ĸʮĂ϶һеr(nng)߮a(chn)^eOY(ji)[36]
2.2w
ĿǰSP(gun)l(xing)wՓģɿɵġЌW(xu)Jl(xing)w(yng)ǴȺЇr(nng)r(nng)Ⱥͨ^νMkcP(gun)Ĵ(ni)(w)F(xin)ҹҽҷ(w)[8]3ЌW(xu)ָmȻl(xing)Ρѽ(jng)ɞF(xin)l(xing)Ĵ֣ҳڌr(nng)ͿƵҪȻʹ(qun)Bl(xing)ҙ(qun)ڻӵ|Ǿl(xing)(zhn)W(xu)J^YԴĴfӢڴ(w)QһnjHxϵw͎ӑՓ^wM^cw{
(1)l(xing)(zhn)ܶоl(xing)cl(xing)(zhn)C(gu)ĸĸPĸεӰQ֮W(xu)߂l(xing)(zhn)ҕfڭh(hun)֮һMоҲW(xu)ߌl(xing)(zhn)C(gu)wfă(ni)Y(ji)(gu)С̫܊Jl(xing)(zhn)C(gu)l(xing)ćr(nng)l(f)չ(zhn)ԡl(xing)(zhn)(qun)Լl(xing)ķһ̶l(xing)(qun)cΙ(qun)ڹϵě_ͻɴˌ(do)ɷN(qun)\ֺĬF(xin)rаl(f)Sl(xing)C(gu)Ȼ弉MԼٙC(gu)ͨ^ٿxeCA(y)(w)[41]Ķɇҙ(qun)ıϵռϵ³c̫܊Ŀ෴ڽVJl(xing)(zhn)ę(qun)˥J顰SҌl(xing)彛(jng)هԵĜpl(xing)Ј(jng)İl(f)չԼy(tng)ę(qun)ĻF(xin)(qun)ĻD(zhun)׃ҵ(qun)u˳l(xing)I(lng)[32]l(xing)(zhn)Α(yng)ɞĸ}֮˾Sl(xing)(zhn)C(gu)IJcڽVͬJ顰l(xing)(zhn)İl(f)չ(w)TKǷλ[36]
(2)̫ͨ܊Jl(xing)KЙ(qun)r(nng)Уr(nng)(yng)ԓl(xing)팍|(zh)xϵw[42]@Nᷨܵ|(zh)ɣKϵ^(q)ָwI(y)ƺȺwl(xing)(zhn)(ni)γɏĹY(ji)P(gun)(lin)ͨڟoγұoCƶܓp[43]RѩҲQӋr(nng)Kڕ]ճнHP(gun)ϵڳF(xin)ͻl(f)a(chn)¼r]Б(yng)[21]36r(nng)Mƺѽ(jng)ɞl(xing)wовҎ(gu)ܵԒ}
20o90ٌW(xu)ߌĿͶr(nng)gMr(nng)f(xi)ϣr(nng)f(xi)ܳГ(dn)I(lng)ε΄(w)W(xu)߂оI(lng)D(zhun)r(nng)f(xi)ćĽ(jng)ЌҵƄӇ(ni)εˌձr(nng)f(xi)܉Чr(nng)ṩķ(w)M̽J顰λһwMŔࡱ͡CϽ(jng)Iձr(nng)f(xi)ܰl(f)@Чõԭᘌ҇rһϵнh[44]
ͨ^nr(nng)f(xi)顰ڶvꠡĚvʷ׃PMп죬(c̎xһ)҇ơڶvꠡc顰һvꠡӽMγøP(gun)ϵıҪԼʽ߽h[45]S(ni)ݸΣУϵİl(f)չѴW(xu)ߌR^ص(ni)ڽ(jng)Mп죬ָ҇r(nng)ѽ(jng)F(xin)r(nng)Ҳȡ˲Сijɿr(nng)Mɺ磬wvrُNӹſca(chn)ǰa(chn)Эh(hun)(ji)ƽƽ@ƽ[46]ďɽṩYϿЇr(nng)Įa(chn)I(y)Mԡ˾l(xing)(zhn)(Еrǿh)˾r(nng)ģʽhδɞ(lin)Y(ji)r(nng)cЈ(do)ʽ[47]
(3)fӢǰfӢһLJҙ(qun)ڴf³dwһǏVδĮ(dng)һ̶Ͽҕc(qun)ĽcӢY(ji)(gu)Mнҕc(qun)˴fӢһֱnjW(xu)оcھӢ͵оϣRѩ־xȌfӢ֞ӢͷӢǰմfʽ(qun)YԴՂy(tng)YԴYԴ[48]ˌfӢ֞ξӢ(Ҫָί)ĻӢ(I(lng)ڽI(lng)(do))ͽ(jng)Ӣ(罛(jng)ˣ˽ϰ)ξӢஔ(dng)Rѩ;Ӣ(jng)ӢĻӢtnjӢa(chn)I(lng)Ą֡ھӢõо̶Aͨ^cB(ti)£fӢĸֵȫ☋(gu)ҕf(qun)\еȫָ;Ӣ顰ˡ͡O(jin)oˡɫě_ͻM˃yľأ;ӢS(jng)İl(f)չѸٳLuc;Ӣӑr߀rϣڴfռһϯ֮[49]ڲͬ͵ķ;Ӣl(f)]ϣ^cзxJ顰ڮ(dng)ЇĵطĻλεĽ(jng)Ľy(tng)ΣĻӢl(xing)Ҫ@ԽԽ[50]cs}(zhn)Ұ{(dio)еóc֮෴ĽY(ji)ՓJƶȻʧζѪĻCƵP(gun)ϵĽwS20o70ĩЇr(nng)ߵD(zhun)cwƵͻƣԼҞĵĽ(jng)λĴ_ԵؾA(ch)Ĵ书ܵr(nng)MеĻy(tng)еɫʣչF(xin)҂ǰ[51]еĴfӢ徫ӢW(xu)g(sh)P(gun)עĴڬF(xin)Լ䑪(yng)ȻһֱӑՓĽc
l(xing)wlһŶՓ9|r(nng)סڽ(jng)l(f)չˮƽطĻy(tng)ԸB(ti)h(hun)lOķǾЇr(nng)壬ΑB(ti)fǧʽl(xing)(zhn)fӢ߀ͨw(yng)ԓ]A(ch)ıYԴ횶xһͨõķtP߽oĽhǣ(jng)ɪ^(q)Խ(jng)MГ(dn)l(xing)(zhn)tҪГ(dn)(w)ֹMõI(lng)ڏP(gun)(lin)ʹfӛĵm(dng)l(f)]ã{(dio)(qun)o˽I(lng)F(xin)ì
2.3^
^̣l(xing)f(ni)MxeQͱO(jin)^W(xu)猦^̵о^༯xeQߺh(hun)(ji)д弉xeһһhʹ弉ؔ(w)ǟhԒ}
(1)弉xe弉xeڴI(lng)һֱǂP(gun)עh}Ҳ(jng)顰ЇΌW(xu)һо߸׃оҕMһ錒Vl(xing)оI(lng)п·Ͳ[52]ᘌЇr(nng)ƶȽO(sh)еĸxʽ}W(xu)g(sh)вͬ^cJ弉xe挍طӳЇr(nng)ĸMЩW(xu)ߵоsór(nng)M弉xeĽY(ji)ՓڃɷNͬļO(sh)ܶW(xu)ߌ弉xeijMˌ{(dio)MһxeCˌFĽhڴ弉xeʽĸMҲɷN^chӢJ弉xeҪҵ폊УᵽЇr(nng)Ć}f߀һɽ}μɽİl(f)չҪһЩ[53]cͬr־xóc֮ĽY(ji)ՓJڇҏ(qun)ĽҪr(nng)(ni)İl(f)עذl(f)fλA(ch)[54]
(2)һһh^һһhָr(nng)dkwI(y)rҪYҪͨ^ߴwӑՓоЌhkIYǞˏaMĸȡĴ弉ɵYȱͨ^W(xu)һϵе{(dio)Có^һµĽY(ji)Փǣһһhڌʩ^дص[Jһһh׳ɱ̫ߡƶO(sh)ӋMMȱeOԡȱ[55]˸(j)MĸV|r(nng)Ӱ푵{(dio)óˡһһhy_չr(nng)r(nng)ˮO(sh)ʩO(sh);SoڰcĽY(ji)Փ[56]˄tԔˌ`Ӱ푡һһh_(yu)ĸF(xin)AڏVr(nng)匍еġһһh˿r(nng)ؚFTصӰڌ`_Փϵ(yu)⣬ܵõһЩ҂Ը⿴ĽY(ji)[57]
(3)弉ؔ(w)弉ؔ(w)оҪ֞ɂһǴ弉ؔ(w)Ǵ弉ؓڴ弉ؔ(w)оW(xu)ѽ(jng)γһͬǰJ֪弉ؔ(w)yǮ(dng)ǰr(nng)彛(jng)һ^ͻĆ}ЧQˆ}ѽ(jng)ɞr(nng)彛(jng)O(sh)Mп̲ݾ΄(w)ڣãӣӣãό弉ؔ(w)MõՓĻѭͬһģʽؔдڵĆ}}γԭQČ߽hʹچ}fҪСӋA(ch)ؔˆT|(zh)ߡָ(do)ͱO(jin)ؔ(w)_Ȳߡؔ(w)ؓ(dn)̫ءȿᘌ@Щ}W(xu)߂߽h^һµСӏ弉ؔ(w)ɷҎ(gu)O(sh)ؔ(w)_ƶȡؔ(w)ˆT˼|(zh)͘I(y)(w)|(zh)PJ@弉ؔ(w)оڅͬ߄ݣоĂ(c)߉δĄ(chung)߽hֻᵽ˱棬]ЌmɲMһڴ弉ؓоW(xu)^ļڴ弉ؓą^(q)\õ^ǃɷNҕǣһNǏĵطeOԵIJ^(q)(jng)l(f)չˮƽIJ ጴ弉ؓą^(q)[58]
һNǏr(nng)(ni)Y(ji)(gu)IJl(f)ጴ弉(w)ą^(q)l(xing)İl(f)չ[59]
3 l(xing)幫оČW(xu)g(sh)څ
ʮl(xing)P(gun)īIMл[sl(xing)оİl(f)չڅČMпY(ji)оϏĆһҕǵW(xu)ƶں
оλϏĴfо^(q)о
оcϏČf(ni)^̵оfⲿh(hun)о
3.1ĆһҕǷW(xu)ƶĽC
30оuĆһҕǷD(zhun)W(xu)ĽCϡČW(xu)eϿ20o80W(xu)߂εĿΌW(xu)Ƕȳl(f)书ܵоҲcMP(gun)˺˂l(f)F(xin)@һƶѽ(jng)oݼ{l(xing)ķо_ʼ{NW(xu)I(lng)˲ˏĽ(jng)W(xu)ǶȺ㶐MĸijɱˏĚvʷW(xu)Ƕȿƶȵ׃wˏW(xu)ǶUĻd˥
҂ͬһI(lng)ͬһ¼Ͽ،W(xu)ƵĽоϿڶ،W(xu)ƵĽW(xu)g(sh)ṩ˱l(xing)ČW(xu)_ʼLԇNߵĽҰ{(dio)顢^ƶȷķȡҰ{(dio)W(xu)W(xu)оij÷֮һҪʷ{(dio)Ⱦwĸ_ԁһϵ׃̼ˇ(ni)W(xu)ЇλRL͌xķĶʹÌW(xu)_ʼ{(dio)һֲϡҪҰ{(dio)ҲˌW(xu)߂ƫ۵ȡķʽ^cҰ{(dio)Y(ji)һ\ͬһr(ni)ͬ^(q)ĔֵעSЌՓ[60]ͅ^(q)оd^l(xing)оռ(j)ԽԽҪĵλ\ÿݵʮoꖳroSl(xing)彨O(sh)ԒZď(f)dһԴfоλԇЇѸ^Ӱԇ[]Rѩĺԇ[]F܊ĵԳԇ[]λmԇ[]^@ЩԇcfǞ˿ƌW(xu)оռYfǞˌоøTڽO(sh)ƏVƶȷ20o߰ʮ_ʼSεd_ɽ֮µġЇr(nng)Ρ[8]ԓġƶȷҪՓόƶMȫ̽ӑ˺Sƶt(y)ƶȡƶȵһϵ׃İl(f)ƶȷ౻\õP(gun)īIС߀ˌՓ뵽l(xing)幫оЁ̶[49]֮Їl(xing)оuMW(xu)ƽоAҰ{(dio)Ҫо^͌t䏊ɞδоڅW(xu)M댢ʹо׃øwM
3.2Ĵfо^(q)оl(xing)ط
Ұ{(dio)SW(xu)ߺW(xu)߶(x)TڌfоλԇDͨ^ijһfvʷ׃wоxЇ@Nоʽ䌍һϵyԻشĆ}ӱĴfǷ܉Їɴ˘ӱݳǷmărֵ@SȫW(xu)߶֮^ʹĆ}ЇΑB(ti)fǧĴfY(ji)(gu)ʹôоһfֵ̈́Ć}粽y҂l(f)F(xin)ϷĴfmõĽ(jng)ŵĴfˮʹͬϷĴfҲн(jng)̶vʷzĻΑB(ti)MY(ji)(gu)ȷNNͬhöؘ˜ʁ팤ͬʹf(dng)҂ԇDõλ(jng)̶ȡfP(gun)(lin)ȶָһӌ·ҲSεذl(f)F(xin)ϛ]ЃƬͬ~ӡf͵yԄֱӽo҂һy}A҂Ұ{(dio)еõ`f҂(yng)ԓʲôӵij߶ȥxЇ@߶ȵx˜ʲôؾĻ܉@ôfȺJͬ߶ȵİղʺؚwğomᘌһϵеĆ}ʩŵ_ʼᳫhW(xu)W(xu)ý(jng)W(xu)ķx^ЇԴf־ģʽԴfоĔ(sh)ѷeһЇҪP(gun)עf͇ҵP(gun)ϵwfЇһNʲôӵʩńtˡ˜ʼСĸָЇĽ(jng)wɘ˜ʼBĺ^(jng)^(q)[61]6-720o˾ʮ(ni)ٌW(xu)Ҳڅ^(q)^оŬ͵ĴDz\õĕrgR^ʽؿ˺ʮhS߅Ї[62]Ĵˌо·D(zhun)Ƶ^(q)^ρ
Ćf^Ӵϵą^(q)оٵЇĽxl(xing)оһNڅݣڂоĻA(ch)ԅ^(q)онM뵽Їw⣬M뵽ǾЇr(nng)JRǮ(dng)ǰW(xu)ŬQĆ}ҲȻдŬķ[63]@һoҎ(gu)ܵĆ}lµġvȡᡱ҂ؿϣо룬ڴоɹܾЌI(lng)Ĵ@һ}ăɶ(dng)҂ԇDMиV韵ęM挦ȕryLrԵо(c̎xһ)҂ֻмڸW(xu)ߵŬ̓ɷNϵȡLaҪָSa(chn)Ʒ(w)oIJȻScl(xing)岻zY(ji)څͬں^(q)cl(xing)оĵطоԽμl(xing)о
3.3Ĵf(ni)^оfⲿh(hun)о
20o˾ʮd𣬸W(xu)ĿͶעڴfޏ(f)Ͱl(f)չ^AɌW(xu)ߞ1999Ĵxe_һ̽r(nng)(ni)C^̵Ļڣ伯wW(xu)g(sh)D(zhun)Ϯ(dng)rεоƫڌf(ni)^̵Ī@NyԱ؎һĿgSоͅ^(q)оdW(xu)߂uXHʹfоfa(chn)R]ɽĿֻڴɽСĆ}RѩAɵČW(xu)Mо·ĵڶμwD(zhun)_ʼĴfⲿh(hun)(ni)P(gun)ϵ(ni)QĽǶȥ_չоͨ^ȫͬ^(q)r(nng)M{(dio)飬⮔(dng)ǰЇl(xing)Ġr^(q)ԲĶTƶM벻ͬl(xing)^̡CƼ[52]@N׃ֱ^طӳ˴оP(gun)īIĔ(sh)׃(ȫy(tng)Ӌ[])D1ʾ
D1Їl(xing)幫оڅݣ1998-2006
ɈD1Ҋ(sh)ϿʮP(gun)ڴ^̵о߀»څݡČW(xu)g(sh)ϿԏĴxeԒ}^r֮W(xu)猦ڴ^̵оһֱδP(gun)īIǃHĆһǶ猦һһhƶȣW(xu)߂HΌW(xu)ǶՓ£l(f)ҲǺεuh
߃Hͣچ}桪猦弉ؔ(w)оֻͣڌ߽hӣOٿ߽hĿɲMՓCߵİl(f)֮έh(hun)µĔ(sh)c|(zh)twF(xin)ˌW(xu)߂оdȤW(xu)߂ՄؔѲكHHڴf(ni)ؔ_ʼP(gun)עcؔ}oP(gun)ĶMĸƶϣMĸһö~^[l(xing)Џ(f)sl(xing)ɼP(gun)ϵW(wng)j(lu)SĆ}ʹԭѲ̫ƽoĴf׃øӄʎl(xing)(zhn)C(gu)ĸؔwƸĸһϵĸ(yng)\Ǟ˜pβSMrĸSԶļP(gun)״ʩl(xing)Ľ\мӰ푞^c|l(xing)иNҪؽRĈM^xl(xing)Ї
īI
[1]rڵl(xing)彨O(sh)\[]ʷW(xu)2006(4)69-80
[2]MТͨl(xing)Ї[]ϾKˇ2007
[3]MТͨƶ[]̄(w)ӡ^2008
[4]£Їr(nng)r(nng)}оİ[]AЎW(xu)W(xu)(ƌW(xu))1999(11)1-10
[5]ˮЇ[]ϷʣSɽ1999
[6]Їr(nng)(qun)[]ɶĴ磬1992
[7]Їr(nng)弉22{(dio)c^[]hAЎW(xu)2000
[8]£Їr(nng)[]hAЎW(xu)磬1997
[9]RIr(nng)ֻ^еĴ[]ڣϷ1997
[10]ФSSҕеĴֱx[]ЇƌW(xu)磺2001
[11]־xl(xing)P(gun)ϵҕҰеĴfxe[]W(xu)2002
[12]hAr(nng)(qun)\c[]ЇƌW(xu)2001
[13](x)Rѩꐝxel(xing)[]W(xu)2002
[14]Rѩ褣εĴfA(ch)[]W(xu)磬2002
[15]hӢΡεc[](zhn)c1999(1)88-96
[16]㣮ΣՓYԴ\Чd˥cؽhӡΡεcĵuh[]xо1999(4)76-78
[17]Rѩ壮l(xing)A(ch)[]ЇƌW(xu)2003
[18]㣮׃wеę(qun)c[]ЇƌW(xu)磬2002
[19]־xxe¼cf[]ЇƌW(xu)2004.
[20]F܊Їl(xing)彨O(sh)[EB/OL](2005-09-25)[2006-10-24].http://www.xschina.org/show.php?id=7856.
[21]Rѩ壮l(xing)Ї[]֣VW(xu)2003
[22]F܊낀or(nng)ƶ׃w[](zhn)c1999(6)76-82
[23]F܊Їһ[]x2001(3)3-11
[24]СPɽЇĸRӆ}P(gun)ƶȸĸ[](zhn)c2002(5)1-5
[25]XҺãr(nng)سа(jng)I(qun)a(chn)(qun)ȱcЈD(zhun)Փc߷[]磬2002(6)35-45
[26]RAr(nng)I(y)䌦r(nng)D(zhun)Ӱ푡һ[]Ϻؔ(jng)W(xu)W(xu)(܌W(xu)ƌW(xu))2006(2)72-78
[27]Lƣr(nng)cr(nng)[](jng)wƱ^2002(1)49-55
[28]ʣ׃ƶȵĕrCѽ(jng)[]Ϸĩ2007-10-11
[29]֥mؔơ߀ǡơr(nng)嶐Mĸǰcط֮gĻ[]W(xu)о2005(4)44-63
[30]¹⣮ՓЇl(xing)(zhn)ĸ25[].Ї2005(10)16-19
[31]ƽl(xing)(zhn)wƸĸl(xing)l(f)չɡλgλD(zhun)׃[]ëɖ|СƽՓо2004(6)29-35
[32]ڽVl(xing)(zhn)Σ(j)·[](zhn)c2002(6)117-120
[33]ܽB|(zh)l(xing)(zhn)ڵıҪԣՄһ(qun)C(gu)O(sh)[]˴о2004(6)22-25
[34]£hl(xing)ɡΣl(xing)ĽY(ji)(gu)D(zhun)Q[]KƌW(xu)2002(2)27-30
[35]£P(gun)ڮ(dng)ǰ҇l(xing)(zhn)C(gu)ĸ`о[]W(xu)W(xu)(܌W(xu)ƌW(xu))2006(1)54-61
[36]˾S|(zh)ɡl(xing)(zhn)wƸĸP(gun)l(xing)ЇăɷN˼·[]_ŕr2004(2)16-24
[37]С࣮Їr(nng)幫(w)[]Їl(f)չ磬2002
[38]Ad혣nġ´\ӡ䌦Їr(nng)彨O(sh)Ćʾ[](dng)cx2006(3)17-21
[39]Sn´\u[]W(xu)ԺW(xu)2006(4)
81-84
[40]ξA÷ȣr(nng)幫(w)MȼČCLޞ鰸[]Ї2006(5)91-95
[41]̫܊fؙ(qun)ӵW(xu)[](zhn)c[].2002(2)105-114
[42]̫܊P(gun)ڴεJR`^(q)[]KƌW(xu)1999(6)30-32
[43]y(tng)c׃wI(y)ƺKr(nng)弉[]W(xu)о2002(1)10-16
[44]Rl(wi)ձr(nng)f(xi)Їr(nng)I(y)(w)wϵĆʾ[]磬1995(6)195-182.
[45]ʯڣ(gu)cr(nng)P(gun)ϵġڶvꠡnr(nng)f(xi)׃P䆢ʾ[]W(xu)ԺW(xu)2005(4)85-88
[46]Y|P(gun)r(nng)熖}˼[]2004(7)136-137
[47]ɽ(lin)Y(ji)r(nng)cЈЇr(nng)нM̽[]ЇƌW(xu)2002
[48]־xRѩ壮f(qun)Y(ji)(gu)ӷՓxe弉(qun)ĺϷ[]ЇƌW(xu)2002(1)158-167
[49]̶AӢcB(ti)cf[]磬2004(10)57-67
[50]xЈD(zhun)ͣӢλcط[]ΌW(xu)2006(6)68-73
[51]cď(f)dcȺY(ji)ϡ}(zhn)Ұ{(dio)[]W(xu)о2000(6)76-84
[52]㣬Rѩ壮о·cw(yng)u[]_ŕr2005(4)82-96
[53]hӢЇl(xing)ΣF(xin)}cڅ[]KƌW(xu)2004(4)1-4
[54]־xxe(qun)ȝcεA(ch)O(sh)[]KƌW(xu)2004(4)5-6
[55]ɏ҇B(ti)̽O(sh)еĄڄù}[]y(tng)ӋcQ(Փ)2006(5)151-153
[56]ʷƣMĸV|r(nng)ӽMӰ푵{(dio)[]Їr(nng)彛(jng)2006(8)56-62
[57]hģһһhƶȵĎc˼[].W(xu)W(xu)(ƌW(xu))2004(9)33-35
[58]ꐝwRȣ弉(w)ĬF(xin)wƳ仯⡪223弰3ӱh(){(dio)
[]磬2006(5)76-85[59]Rѩ壮Փ弉ؓą^(q)r(nng)Єӆλҕ[]2005(11)82-100.(c̎xһ)
[60]܊l(xing)ķՓY(ji)c˼[]Փ(do)2006(12)64-66
[61]㑣l(xing)[]ЇW(xu)2003[62]\壮S߅ЇһW(xu)ߌl(xing)^c˼[]ϺϺˇ2004
[63]Rѩ壮l(xing)оİl(f)չ[]FƌW(xu)2007(6)4-8
ԭdڡW(xu)20084}顶Їl(xing)幫о棨19982008
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ĿԴݽo(yu)˲֧Ӌ NCET070858
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[] 20002003tоںɳhԡίM(j)ԡՓָ(do)Mϵy(tng)ġͨ^ġƄӴn}Mչ@Q匍
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