英美文化論文篇一：英美文化小論文

英美文化課程論文

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任課教師： The importance of culture for the arts

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Culture and Arts

The importance of culture for the arts

Abstract：Culture and the Arts, has a very important link. Now a popular argument is that art is a reflection of the cultural objective. No art and culture, can not be called real art. Art is an important part of the content and culture, and culture is the origin and content of art. To promote the spiritual wealth of artistic progress, but only with good cultural essence of literature, painting, sculpture. Can be called art. Culture is an essential attribute of art.

Key words: culture, art, nature, contact.

Culture is a very broad concept, it is next to a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Generally speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, a product of the long-form creation, but it is also a historical phenomenon, is the accumulation of social and historical objects. Rather, culture is condensing the material into another substance drifted outside to be heritage of history, geography, customs, traditions and customs, lifestyle, literature and art, behavioral norms, ways of thinking and values, human be generally recognized exchanges between an ideology capable of heritage, is the sum of material and spiritual wealth of

mankind in the process of social and historical development created.

The generally accepted that art is the human emotion and imagination of features to capture and reflect the objective world, which means that a special way of the objective world and human beings, on the relationship between the two views. Its reproduction activities by creating

realistic and expressive aesthetic ideal emotion, achieve mutual object of aesthetic subject and object in the imagination. Popular to say, art is the people's knowledge, emotions, ideals, ideas comprehensive organic product of mental activity, is the image that people behave in real life and spiritual world. Including literature, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, drama, film, folk art, crafts.

Culture and art are complementary , cultural art bearer, art and cultural performance. With the development of the times, the arts and cultural development is uniform, meaning and art is an important part of culture, and culture is the origin and content of art. By criticizing modern art and culture through art to criticize the culture has become an important form of art and culture and common development. If both the contrary, there will be conflict.

Art and culture influence each other, an era of artistic development, usually cultural, political background inseparable from that era. At the same time. Culture of an era that will affect the time of art, art is a reflection and representation of culture to which it belongs, art played a 'natural and cultural awareness' role, we can see the relationship between art and culture is the relationship between the performance and the performance, attribution and relationships are vested.

If there are not culture include, so-called "art" is just a painter is painting a large advertisement on the street painter. They technology is

very powerful, but because there is no culture, can only do this kind of work. If culture, then there will be ideological connotation, it will look at things and express things, there will be a variety of things to understand, then the style will be a lot of work, very rich. From the spiritual terms, art is a form of a field of culture or cultural value, art is its own people in order to better meet the needs of the subjective and emotional shortcomings consolation organs behavioral needs and creating a cultural phenomenon .

AS we can see, culture is very important for the arts. It can be said that culture is the soul of art.

References：

[1] 劉承華. 文化對(duì)藝術(shù)的影響機(jī)制—兼及藝術(shù)的文化學(xué)闡釋路徑[J].藝術(shù)百家,2012,06(129):118-126.

[2]赫云. 中國當(dāng)代藝術(shù)與文化形象研究[J].山西大同大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)（社會(huì)科學(xué)版）,2014,02(1):8-12.

英美文化論文篇二：英美文化鑒賞論文范文

The Study of Domestic Violence on

American Beauty and Its Action Guidance

Abstract: paper presents a new method for the interpretation of American Beauty. In modern society, family violence is the destruction of the traditional family happiness. Family cold violence in the Burnhams and thermal violence in the Fitts are the representatives of the domestic violence. And also, the family violence makes the family life become not only an invisible battlefield, but a nightmare, distorting the couples, the parents, children and family relationships. In this movie, the heroes awaken people with their blood and lives, to re-examine their family life. This paper focuses on the domestic violence in this film and some statistics or backgrounds specifically on the domestic violence in the United States. Then the paper will give some preventions and services act, giving family violence in real concern and action guidance.

Key Words: American Beauty; domestic violence; cold violence; thermal violence; action guidance

《美國麗人》中家庭暴力的研究及其行動(dòng)指導(dǎo)

摘要：本文提出了電影《美國麗人》的一種新的解讀方法�，F(xiàn)代社會(huì)的家庭暴力正在毀滅著傳統(tǒng)的家庭幸福。以萊斯特家為代表的家庭冷暴力和以弗蘭克家為代表的家庭熱暴力是美國家庭暴力的代表。并且家庭暴力不僅使家庭變成了看不見硝煙的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng), 而且把家庭生活變成了一種夢(mèng)魘，扭曲著夫妻、父母與子女的家庭觀念。電影中主人公們以鮮血和生命喚醒人們重新審視自己的家庭生活。本文則著眼于此部電影中家庭暴力的研究，美國家庭暴力的數(shù)據(jù)和具體背景。然后將給出相應(yīng)的預(yù)防措施和服務(wù)指導(dǎo)，給予家庭暴力以實(shí)質(zhì)性的關(guān)懷及行動(dòng)指導(dǎo)。

關(guān)鍵詞：美國麗人; 家庭暴力; 冷暴力; 熱暴力；行動(dòng)指導(dǎo)

1.Introduction

As we all know, it is very important for people to live in a harmonious family, and also it is both an individual benefit and a social necessity. However，in modern society, family violence is the most popular violent crime in America. And domestic violence is destroying the traditional family happiness.The film "American Beauty" is a vivid description of the American family violence. So I have a study of domestic violence on American Beauty in details and make some findings on this topic. In this film, the family violence is too numerous to enumerate. The Burnhams, a typical American family, although have no direct physical damage, but their hearts are frustrated, and it also affects their daughter’s heart. Similarly, in another family, Ricky’s parents also seem to be in harmony, but have contradictions. Generally speaking, this is a "cold violence" and also belongs to the family violence. This paper also focuses on the family violence in America and finds more about it. Maybe this study can make people think or consider how they should develop a good relationship in family.

2. Plot and the Analysis about the Movie

American beauty tells the story of Lester, a middle-aged man who lives a sedated life with his family in American suburbia. One day, Lester is pressured by his wife Carolyn to attend a performance at their daughter's local school. When watching the performance, Lester is by his daughter’s best friend Angela. Lester’s meeting with Angela awakens in him a

vitality he has not known for many years .With the assistance of his neighbor’s son--Ricky, he begins to rediscover the pleasures of his youth. Lester quits his meaningless office job; at the same time he begins to keep healthy. Meanwhile, his wife betrays him and his daughter Jane begins to make friend with Ricky. One day, Lester witnesses his wife's infidelity and his daughter Jane falls in love with Ricky at the same time. Ricky’s father misunderstands the relationship between Lester and his son and he accosts Lester, but is refused. Finally when Lester obtains Angela, he understands everything. However, at last, he is killed by Ricky’s father.

2.1 Domestic Violence on American Beauty

I think Lester tells about his family cold violence. The so-called family cold violence generally refers to a behavior, dealing with each other by showing indifference, contempt, alienation, insults and so on, when the conflict between husband and wife or other members of the family has broken out. They will not ignore each other, will reduce verbal communication, stop sexual life and do not do housework. So they hurt each other. The so-called family thermal violence refers to the behavior that the family members fighting with each other. The movie American Beauty is exactly a kind of realistic description in family Violence.

2.2 Cold Violence in the Burnhams

Lester’s family tragedy of life first originated from their personalities clash. Lester advocates freedom and he is a dowight romantic. When he was tired of his job, he resolutely chose to resign. His wife claimed that, in order to keep the job, we must do at the request of the boss, but Lester countered this. After the resignation, Lester feels like a bird flying out of the cage. In contrast, Carolyn is a fully-fledged mammonist. Money is the only matter of concern to her. The conflicts in their outlook on life make their family life full of conflict and disharmony, but they never make compromise with each other. In the life of a 42-year-old man, he has no choice but only to release his own sexual desire through masturbation. Carolyn stopped sexual life to punish her husband, but this approach did not make her husband give in. Lester falls in love with his daughter’s best friend—Angela, which makes Jane hate him and even want to kill him. Carolyn’s affair with the other man aggravated the relationship between her and her husband. She always blames Lester for his incapability. She seeks for money, living with her own strong will and excessively independence. So she refuses to be a victim but is weak in her inner heart.In this protracted family cold war, the couple causes destruction to both sides. If there is no love between husband and wife, divorce is not the only way to resolve it. Lester does not want to divorce and make his wife ruin the idea of divorce. Neither a divorce nor love, domestic cold violence has become a lifestyle.

2.3 Thermal Violence in the Fitts

We can say that the family cold violence in the Burnhams mainly caused by the conflicts of language. However, in Ricky’s family, the thermal violence between father and son is easily found. Frank Fitts once was a member of the US Marine Corps, and he brings his military rules to the family. He is a violent homophobe and arch-conservative. There seem to be no positive conflict in this family, because Frank is satisfied with his dominant posiiton and his wife is very obedient. She has the desperation for future. Ricky gives a complete obedience to his father’s authority on the surface, but he is still addicted to drug secretly. In this film, Frank beat his son twice. Frank also became the victim of family thermal violence. Under his control, his wife has no spiritual communication with him. When his son was out of the house she cried. Frank believed that the societies need discipline and rules, so he used the discipline and rules. He was satisfied with his

living style which followed his heart. He is rough and rude and always brought his military values to life, in particular the idea that—―you can’t just go around doing whatever you feel like‖. On a rainy night, when he exposed himself as a homosexual, he felt that he had a great insult. On impulse, he killed Lester and ruined his whole life.

2.4The Influence of Family Violence onChildren in This Movie

The family violence makes children become the innocent victims. Jane is the daughter of Lester and Carolyn, and she is the direct victim in the domestic cold violence. Her mother looks down on her father, so she is influenced by her mother. She thinks that her father did not set a good example. She hopes that her parents can pay more attention to her, but she can not obtain their parent’s love. Thus, she never cares about her studies instead of dreaming for changing her appearance. She enjoyed all the materials brought by her parents, but didn't understand them. She was critical of the dinner music played by her father and mother and refused to talk with her father. She speaks in a sarcastic way, and even wants to kill her father. At last, Jane becomes a lonely, selfish and indifferent youth.

Ricky has lived under his father's control for a long time, but he has been starting to take drugs since he was 15. He was in the high discipline of his father and fond of filming DV to record beautiful things. Finally, Ricky and Jane fall in love with each other because of lacking of family love. Then, they run away from home and trapped in a wrong road.

There is no doubt that the two parents love their children very much. On the one hand, before Lester’s death, when he heard that Jane was very happy, he smiled. On the other hand, Frank examines Rick's urine regularly in order to prevent him from taking drugs. However, the two parents failed to make their children feel the warmth and love of the family. They can't help making the two children fall into the abyss during the family violence.

2.5The Action Guidance on the Two Families

In the life or society, reason caused the family violence is that the conflicts between the couples, and they do not want to deal with in a reasonable way. If the couple can understand each other, communicate with each other and forgive each other, the relationship between them will become more and more harmonious. After analyzing the structure of the two families and the problems of the members, I can only give some real concern and action guidance with reference to the family violence.

2.5.1The Action Guidance on the Burnhams

They can enhance the close relationships between family members and make everyone feel their sense of existence. Carolyn should give Lester more prestige and rights to speak, and maintain the balance of family structure. What she focuses on is not only the wealth, but also the family. They should care more about their daughter.

2.5.2 The Action Guidance on the Fitts

Frank was very rough and arbitrary in the family. And he always brought his military values to life, which blocks the normal communication between the family members. The obedience of Ricky and his mother’s does not form an effective action to the structure of the family balance. So the dominant members should realize their problems and encourage the family members to express their true thoughts. The right way is to establish families’ communication in an family members.

3. The Domestic Violence in the United States

Domestic violence in United States is a form of violence expressed by one partner or partners against another partner or partners in the content of an intimate relationship in the United States. It is recognized as an important social problem by governmental and non-governmental agencies. Many scholarly studies of the problem have stated that is often part of a dynamic of control and oppression in relationships, regularly involving multiple forms of physical and non-physical abuse taking place concurrently. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary definition, domestic violence is: "the inflicting of physical injury by one family or household member on another; also: a repeated or habitual pattern of such behavior."

3.1The History of Domestic Violence in America

Prior to the mid-1800s, most legal systems accepted wife beating as a valid exercise of a husband's authority over his wife. Political agitation during the 19th century led to changes in both popular opinion and legislation regarding domestic violence within the United Kingdom and the United States. In 1850, Tennessee became the first state in the United States to explicitly outlaw wife beating. In 1878, the Matrimonial Causes Act made it possible for women in the UK to seek separations from abusive husbands. By the end of the 1870s, most courts in the United States were uniformly opposed to the right of husbands to physically discipline their wives. By the early 20th century, it was common for the police to intervene in cases of domestic violence in the United States.

Modern attention to domestic violence began in the women's movement of the 1970s, particularly within feminism and women's rights, as concern about wives being beaten by their husbands gained attention. The first known use of the expression "domestic violence" in a modern context, meaning "spouse abuse, violence in the home" was in 1973. With the rise of the men's movement of the 1990s, the problem of domestic violence against men has also gained significant attention.

3.2The Types of Domestic Violence in America

Domestic violence may include verbal, emotional, economic, physical and sexual abuse. All forms of domestic abuse have one purpose: to gain and maintain control over the victim. The dynamics between the couple may include:

1).Situational couple violence, which arises out of conflicts that escalate to arguments and then to violence, is not connected to a general pattern of control, generally infrequent, and likely the most common type of intimate partner violence. Women are as likely as men to be abusers, however, women are more likely to be physically injured, require police intervention and become fearful of their mates.

2).Intimate terrorism (IT), involves a pattern of ongoing control using emotional, physical and other forms of domestic violence and is what generally leads victims, who are usually women, to women's shelters. It is what was traditionally the definition of domestic violence and is generally illustrated with the "Power and Control Wheel"

3).Violent resistance (VR), or "self-defense", is violence perpetrated by victims against their abusive partners. It is generally used infrequently because men are usually able to physically overpower women.

4). Common couple violence, where both partners are engaged in domestic violence actions.

5).Mutual violent control (MVC) is a rare type of intimate partner violence that occurs when both partners act in a violent manner, battling for control.

3.3The Statistics of Domestic Violence in America

1).1% of all women (age > 18) who participated in a UN national study in 1995–96, who may or may not have been married or partnered, were victims of domestic abuse within the previous 12-month period. Since this population included women who had never been partnered, the prevalence of domestic violence may have been greater.

2).A report by the United States Department of Justice in 2000 found that 1.3% of women and 0.9% of men reported experiencing domestic violence in the past year.

3).About 2.3 million people are raped or physically assaulted each year by a current or former intimate partner or spouse.

4).Physically assaulted women receive an average of 6.9 physical assaults by the same partner per year.

3.4 The Action Guidance on Family Violence.

1). Law enforcement. Statistics on incidents of domestic violence, published in the late 1970s, helped raise public awareness of the problem and increase activism. A study published in 1976 by the Police Foundation found that the police had intervened at least once in the previous two years. In some instances, these groups took legal action against police departments, including Los Angeles's, Oakland, California's and New York City's, to get them to make arrests in domestic violence cases.[89] They claimed that police assigned low priority to domestic disturbance calls.

2).The Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA), which provides federal funding to help victims of domestic violence and their dependent children by providing shelter and related help, offering violence prevention programs, and improving how service agencies work together in communities.

3). If the couple can understand each other, communicate with each other and forgive each other, the relationship between them will become more and more harmonious.

4. Conclusion

Family violence has become the invisible killer in the family and destroyed the happiness of traditional family. The movie "American beauty" shows us a horrible scene about family cold violence and thermal violence. Although this film is a tragedy of the two families, it is the duty of the whole society to reflect and consider on this topic. It is exactly a topic that our social workers, especially the family social workers, need to pay attention to. In family life, it is essential for everyone to establish a reasonable communication and family structure to maintain the balance of stability. We should make full use of the action guidance to keep a good relationship in family. We should not repeat the tragedy instead of cherishing our family members. I hope that people can find their own shadow from the movie and reflect profound way on their family life.

英美文化論文篇三：英美文化論文

淺析美國電影中的英雄主義 年級(jí)專業(yè)班級(jí)

姓 名

小學(xué)教育1 冉志強(qiáng)14

淺析美國電影中的英雄主義

摘 要： 縱觀美國影片，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)在美國影片中包含著美國式的價(jià)值觀念和思維方式。而個(gè)人英雄主義也是美國文化觀念的核心構(gòu)成要素之一，并在美國影片中得到了充分的體現(xiàn)。本文通過淺析各類美國影片就此來探究其個(gè)人英雄主義及其產(chǎn)生的原因。

關(guān)鍵詞： 個(gè)人英雄主義 類型 美國電影 形成原因

一、什么是個(gè)人英雄主義？

據(jù)字典解釋，當(dāng)某一偉大的全民族 事業(yè)和為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一事業(yè)而積極克服當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)生的矛盾和障礙所 必需的巨大努力而成為個(gè)別人的性格品質(zhì)， 他們?cè)谡麄�(gè)活動(dòng)中所表現(xiàn)出來的英勇頑強(qiáng)和自我犧牲精神，并且體現(xiàn)在個(gè)別人的行為中，而使行為具有偉大意義時(shí)就出現(xiàn)了英雄主義精神。在美國電影中，個(gè)人英雄主義就得到了很好的詮釋。

個(gè)人英雄強(qiáng)調(diào)兩部分的含義：個(gè)人和英雄。電影里的主角不管是超人、平民還是總統(tǒng)，都是單槍匹馬，獨(dú)來獨(dú)往；不管主角在片中何種身份，必定是智慧過人，有膽識(shí)，能擔(dān)當(dāng)，身負(fù)多種技能，在千鈞一發(fā)之際化解危機(jī)，獲得成功。

二、美國影片中的個(gè)人英雄

在美國電影中，個(gè)人英雄主義是好萊塢大片極力創(chuàng)造英雄神話中能夠備受大眾追捧的重要法則，也是好萊塢大片蘊(yùn)藏和傳達(dá)本國文化價(jià)值觀的根源。好萊塢在打造各式孤膽英雄形象和編織各種神奇的英雄神話的道路上越走越遠(yuǎn)。 而美國在影片所創(chuàng)造的個(gè)人英雄也因時(shí)代和人民的需要不斷的改變和創(chuàng)新，簡單來說美國影片中英雄主義大致分為三種。分別是無所不能型、拯救世界于千鈞一發(fā)型、平民英雄型。

無所不能型指的是“超人”（Superman）系列，這可以稱作是美國個(gè)人英雄主義的代表作了。從1983年開始的漫畫，上世紀(jì)40年代開始的動(dòng)畫，2010年在美國上映的電影版《超人前傳·絕對(duì)正義》 ，到現(xiàn)在15年仍在熱播的《超能英雄》，不得不說，美國的超人夢(mèng)做了半個(gè)多世紀(jì)。

回顧超人的成長史，驚異地發(fā)現(xiàn)正是一部美國社會(huì)的發(fā)展史。在DC漫畫公司下的超級(jí)英雄，1938年6月《動(dòng)作漫畫》創(chuàng)刊號(hào)首次登場(chǎng)，是漫畫史上的首位超級(jí)英雄，但初期其并不是無所不能，隨著時(shí)間的流逝到后來才變得越來越完美。從開始不會(huì)飛到后來可以飛躍天際甚至翱翔太空，從開始只能追上奔馳的列車到后來可以超越光速，隨著時(shí)代科技的變化，超人的能力也不斷在提升。而超人從最初的《超人系列》到后來的《蝙蝠俠》、《蜘蛛俠》、《閃電俠》等，美國人的超人夢(mèng)仍在持續(xù)著。

而談到拯救世界于千鈞一發(fā)型，從20世紀(jì)30年代的《鐵騎》、《壯志千秋》開始，好萊塢就開始了創(chuàng)造英雄神話的旅程。比如，由皮爾斯·布魯斯 南主演的《007》系列影片，塑造了詹姆士·邦德這個(gè)典型的個(gè)人英雄主義形象。在《黃金眼》（1995年）里，詹姆士·邦德必須尋找在蘇聯(lián)被劫持的黃金眼，那是一種發(fā)射電磁波的武器，而且被一位叛變的蘇聯(lián)將軍所偷。在這項(xiàng)任務(wù)背后，最復(fù)雜的是邦德發(fā)現(xiàn)這次陰謀的策劃者是他的一位舊識(shí)及同僚，英國籍 的探員006，他計(jì)劃使用這項(xiàng)武器引起全球金融的瓦解，借此增加財(cái)富。 在《明日帝國》（1997

年）中，007探員面對(duì)的是強(qiáng)大的媒體巨子卡佛，他擁有《明日?qǐng)?bào)》，為了在中國大陸壟斷并獨(dú)霸媒體，不惜策劃陰謀，挑起英國與中國的戰(zhàn)爭，秘密協(xié)助邦德調(diào)查的中國籍探員是林慧，邦德為了挫敗卡佛的陰謀，從倫敦、漢堡一路奔波到西貢。在《黑日危機(jī)》和《擇日而亡》中邦德毫無懸念地扮演了一個(gè)英俊瀟灑，熟悉各種搏擊器械、運(yùn)動(dòng)娛樂，精通多國語言，并一次又一次孤身犯險(xiǎn)卻又能力排眾難、拯救世界的英雄形象。又如阿諾德·施瓦辛格主演的系列電影幾乎都是個(gè)人英雄主義的典型代表。在《終結(jié)者》系列里，終結(jié)者始終都是以弱勝強(qiáng)，最后挽救人類。甚至在《救世主》中，由李連杰主演的救世主也在星際征途中打敗邪惡的自己，從而拯救整個(gè)宇宙，恢復(fù)整個(gè)宇宙的和平與秩序。

時(shí)至今日，好萊塢更是有增無減地大量打造個(gè)人英雄主義形象。在第82屆奧斯卡頒獎(jiǎng)中，《拆彈部隊(duì)》打敗了賺足票房與人氣的《阿凡達(dá)》，成為最大的贏家。這也充分證實(shí)了美國人心中英雄主義的分量，《拆掉專家》將鏡頭對(duì)準(zhǔn)了一群美國拆掉專家，用紀(jì)錄片的方式講述了他們?cè)诎透襁_(dá)執(zhí)行任務(wù)的故事。在伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭中。他們不顧個(gè)人安危，這就是美國人心中的英雄。

可見，極力打造個(gè)人英雄主義形象永遠(yuǎn)是好萊塢電影的興奮點(diǎn)，也是好萊塢大片始終吸引觀眾的看點(diǎn)與賣點(diǎn)。

但當(dāng)人們對(duì)超級(jí)英雄審美疲勞時(shí)，好萊塢造就了平民英雄。退去光輝的平民英雄沒有遙不可及的超級(jí)能力，卻多了幾分人性的光輝，多了幾分真實(shí)，有血有肉，敢愛敢恨，原來英雄也有喜怒哀樂，也有辛酸苦辣，這就使英雄更加平易近人，更加溫暖可愛。就像《變形金剛》系列中的男主角山姆，他開始只是一個(gè)高中畢業(yè)生，即將進(jìn)入大學(xué)的青年。他有著我們每個(gè)人都會(huì)有的叛逆，他有著屬于自己的秘密，他有自己喜歡的女生，但當(dāng)他遇到變形金剛后，他才成了真正的英雄，無所畏懼。而觀眾也能看到真實(shí)英雄下的面目，使他們英雄夢(mèng)更能觸手可及。 也如今年夏季火熱的《速度與激情7》，他們就是平民的英雄，但他們勇敢果猛，善戰(zhàn)機(jī)智，與那些危害社會(huì)政府的人做著殊死搏斗。

總體來看，無論是哪種類型的英雄主義，這些英雄有著共同的特點(diǎn)，或關(guān)心民族大義、國家利益，如《空軍一號(hào)》、《國家寶藏》等；或保護(hù)地球、拯救人類，如《第五元素》、《終結(jié)者》系列等；或捍衛(wèi)法律、正義與和平，如《速度與激情》系列等。 好萊塢人總是給他們創(chuàng)造的英雄披上一層傳統(tǒng)的、簡單的、普遍性的崇高思想外衣，讓世界所有不同文化層次、文化身份的觀眾都能感受到這些影片所承載的神圣思想和崇高精神。所以，觀眾們不僅難以看出這些影片在文化價(jià)值觀上存在什么問題，而且相反，還會(huì)認(rèn)為這些英雄神話都在不同程度上引導(dǎo)觀者追求真善美，向往正義、尊嚴(yán)、和平、自由、人權(quán)等美好理想。但如果我們剝?nèi)ミ@層普遍性的崇高主題，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，好萊塢編織的英雄神話，普遍是由個(gè)人英雄主義者充當(dāng)主角。好萊塢打造的個(gè)人英雄主義形象有著共同特征，就是將個(gè)人英雄無限神化，從而表現(xiàn)出極端個(gè)人英雄主義的價(jià)值取向，

三、個(gè)人英雄主義形成的原因

究其原因無外乎其歷史和現(xiàn)實(shí)原因，而歷史原因中又包括清教主義，西部擴(kuò)張（牛仔形象），美國夢(mèng)。

而清教主義正是美國文化的根，其對(duì)于美國文化有著深刻的影響，就像一條紅線規(guī)范了從殖民時(shí)代到如今的美國文化。清教徒在歐洲受到宗教迫害，不得不移民新大陸，而這些移民崇尚自由，自認(rèn)為是上帝的選民，致力于建立一個(gè)“山上的城市”——一個(gè)烏托邦式的重視精神生活的國家。他們認(rèn)為：“個(gè)人是一個(gè)

自主的實(shí)體，安全地，不受外界干擾的地存在于人的特性當(dāng)中。他們把個(gè)人看成是一個(gè)價(jià)值，在個(gè)人身上附加的價(jià)值于超驗(yàn)的來世領(lǐng)域相通。”個(gè)人主義構(gòu)成了美國文化模式的基本特性和主要內(nèi)容，實(shí)在低表述了美國思想。

而在美國的西部擴(kuò)張中，不論是白人移民，還是征戰(zhàn)海外的美國大兵，普遍具有一種相似的特質(zhì)：個(gè)人主義、進(jìn)攻性和絕對(duì)的自信。風(fēng)靡一時(shí)的西部片，1939年的《關(guān)山飛渡》是好萊塢電影中牛仔英雄片的標(biāo)志性作品，影片塑造了靈果這

一 英雄形象，他一個(gè)人拖住了一群阿巴虛人，使得驛車?yán)锏娜硕嫉镁�，充分體現(xiàn)出個(gè)人英雄主義精神。而這些片幾乎都是一個(gè)模式：一個(gè)英雄單槍匹馬打天下，最后功成身退，悄然消失�，F(xiàn)代版的美國大片中的英雄固然造型多樣，背景各異，但本質(zhì)上不變，只是他們有時(shí)穿著牛仔，有時(shí)帶著鋼盔，有時(shí)又打扮成蜘蛛人甚至外星人的模樣罷了。

而謂的美國夢(mèng)，是一種相信只要在美國經(jīng)過努力不懈的奮斗便能獲致更好生活的理想。從美國獨(dú)立直至19世紀(jì)末期，廣大的土地?zé)o人開墾，任何有心人都可以加以占據(jù)并投擲和開墾。到了工業(yè)時(shí)期，先進(jìn)的技術(shù)更是使這種趨勢(shì)增加， 談到現(xiàn)實(shí)原因，在一戰(zhàn)中，美國大發(fā)橫財(cái)，二戰(zhàn)中初期美國保持中立，后來被迫對(duì)法西斯宣戰(zhàn)，使得世界格局發(fā)生了重要變化，而在后來的美蘇爭霸冷戰(zhàn)中，蘇聯(lián)解體，美國成為了一超多強(qiáng)，一種自始至終的優(yōu)越感讓他們認(rèn)為自己是最強(qiáng)大的，但在“9·11”之后，許多美國人的這種思想發(fā)生了質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)變，他們認(rèn)識(shí)到美國仍有許多危機(jī)存在，潛意識(shí)的不安感，讓他們對(duì)英雄的渴望越來越強(qiáng)烈。而美國人的危機(jī)感，對(duì)于自然災(zāi)害，核武器威脅等，更是呼喚超級(jí)英雄的出現(xiàn)。于是《2012》、《后天》等影片出現(xiàn)了。

在美國資本主義制度下，人們的競爭意識(shí)，獨(dú)立和自主的性格更使他們對(duì)于個(gè)人英雄青睞。而較與中國等社會(huì)主義國家，公有制為主體，多種所有制共同發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，電影行業(yè)也在黨和國家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下蓬勃發(fā)展，中國的電影始終強(qiáng)調(diào)集體英雄主義，基于社會(huì)制度，文化背景的不同，中國仍受到兩千多年封建制度的影響，在思想開化，獨(dú)立自由民主的道路上始終受到阻礙，這就使得中國的電影與美國大片截然不同。

四、總結(jié)

從上述的分析和探索中，我們得出一個(gè)結(jié)論，美國是一個(gè)崇尚英雄的國度。英雄主義意識(shí)是一個(gè)不應(yīng)避免且必須高度重視的話題。美國人熱愛英雄，也缺失英雄，但不可否認(rèn)，在看過美國英雄影片后，我們每個(gè)人應(yīng)該堅(jiān)信：正義終究會(huì)戰(zhàn)勝邪惡！

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