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һֱm(x)18o(j)ĩ@Щ(sh)Ŀ}һP(gun)īI(xin)У˴ҪָһЩD(zhun)׃߀Ҫ(qing){(dio)c@cֵ֮עcҵc҂fʽČHxP(gun)εǰ@ЩīI(xin)cһΪı^16o(j)18o(j)@ıvþһķͮhcP(gun)ȫP(gun)īI(xin)Ŵ_c@ıRžSġՓ[1]@ıcЩ^ugP(gun)ϵ킀Ƿdz˼
҂ҪӛסRžSġՓһͳɞRČ
ǡǡ෴@ܵͬ;oǴ˵ļS18o(j)ĩf19o(j)һ_ʼ@ЩP(gun)ˇg(sh)īI(xin)ЌKY(ji)ĕrҲܵ˼SՓ19o(j)ʢeڵһؐA. W. Rehberg[2]ЊWH. Leo[3]mˣL. Ranke[4]Kellerman֮M(jn)зguՓ
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Փ߀I(lng)y(tng)һ}(lin)ϵRžS߀ԇD_I(lng)½y(tng)һlЩ֮һ
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ϵBm(x)ָчõҪW(xu)ԼԼؔa(chn)ҘI(y)Ȼܳɹ@lоЩ̌W(xu)һɫ@ŇW(xu)ڮ(dng)rҪҮӾf@һcȽo̫ӌһƪՓȻһ(jng)(j)W(xu)ĕһƪΌW(xu)Փ[13]nj@N{(dio)̣pedagogical formationC@NϵBm(x)ԡһҲһNµBm(x)ԣ(dng)һ\(yn)D(zhun)õĕrL֪ϼؔa(chn)ļҘI(y)@Ҳζˌ(yng)ԓǘ¡@һr@lочҵѭͬһԭtf˵Оͼͥ\(yn)D(zhun)У_ʼQ顰ΰpolice{(dio)̱CʽϵBm(x)ԣΰtCʽµBm(x)@NBm(x)Ե~RnjͥQ顰(jng)(j)economy
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ؔa(chn)I(lng)ֻе׃
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҂ٿ]һǰﰣǂǞ˱ĿĶŵČ_̎Q֮ԼĽKOĿģfinality@һcһ،(qun)^(q)e_(dng)Ȼҵ˼f܌W(xu)ͷıУ(qun)һNģpure and simple(qun)
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ɺ(qun)^ɷָf}ʩӷ̎飺༴\(yn)ַtacticsǷɡ߰ѷҲ(dng)ַʹáijNʽʹ@ǘӵĿͨ^һЩضֶ܉_(d)
҂@һҪD(zhun)cf(qun)Ŀă(ni)(qun)(qun)еֶξ(qun)ķΑB(ti)еԒĽKOĿĄtУڌָ(do)^̵ƺ͏(qing)
Ĺ߲ǷһϵжNʽַĽǶȿҪIJǷɣ@17o(j)һllF(xin)}18o(j)r(nng)xıиֱԲM@Щıfͨ^Ŀ(bio)_(d)
cȻﰣıP(gun)ﰣfõĽy(tng)߱ҪСҪڊ^[17]fġġʲô˼˽@eˡSķӣfy(tng)η䳲Ҫ̡[18]
ϵͨ^@ԇDһNصķʽ҂õĽy(tng)߲ǵҪһ̡Ҳһ˵һԌʩ(qun)
Ҫŭ
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҂̾ܿ@NRžSl(f)F(xin)Ļw֮RžSľ^eж\Ȼ@Nĸ·f߀ஔ(dng)ֲڵJ(rn)16o(j)ˇg(sh)ĸՓĶҪكHһĆ}ҲֻՓP(gun)ĵĆ}҂܉ָάF(xin)(lin)ϵ16o(j)_ʼˇg(sh)ՓI(lng)xϵľterritorial monarchiesC(j)(gu)ȫl(f)չC(j)(gu)apparatusesijF(xin)(lin)ϵˣ
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ҺȻһԼʽmȻһNͬNʽˇg(sh)ڳҎ(gu)tՓģͻһN܌W(xu)-µЌ춨ԼĻA(ch)ژ(gu)ɇҵضF(xin)Ė|ЌԼԵԭtһvҌ@NćʽҪ^҂F(xin)Ҳfֱ18o(j)@NԡʽȻKˇg(sh)l(f)չһϵK
ԭкܶ(yn)xϵĚvʷˇg(sh)ϵK17o(j)l(f)һϵоΣC(j)ʮ(zhn)Ɖĺ͚
Ȼo(j)~r(nng)ͳx
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߀J(rn)飬16o(j)gõϵy(tng)Փ17o(j)һϵK@ЩҲôϲgfԷQƶȽY(ji)(gu)đB(ti)Y(ji)(gu)ֻҪ(qun)߀һĆ}(qun)ʹă(yu)ԣͬrһՓ}һνMԭt߀ǸֻҪ(qun)ƶ߀ǻƶȣֻҪ(qun)ʹ߀J(rn)(qun)һNʹˇg(sh)ͲһNķʽl(f)չxǂxfǵһõJ(rn)ɵŬΌ`P(gun)ڇҵ֪R@Nˇg(sh)
@xϣ҂HϿfx@Nˇg(sh)ﰣıǏĵ¶ǬF(xin)ĽǶȽ綨@Nˇg(sh)еһԵxnj팍`ę(qun)M(jn)ʹĵһԻ
SxijF(xin)҂һοһNԱÁһNַP(gun)ڇҵ֪Rsaivorİl(f)չMܴ_J(rn)飬ǡǡx(qun)ߵČĿ(bio)ĶܵƺơxIJһNֳؔĵ·y(tng)߾۔ؔ䌍܊ꠁ؞xõֶǷҎ(gu)y(tng)(qun)Ŀ(bio)(qun)ߵČֶ(qun)ֶΣx²ijNˇg(sh)_Ŀ@Nˇg(sh)(qun)ƶȽY(ji)(gu)đB(ti)Y(ji)(gu)˼]ˇg(sh)@NY(ji)(gu)|(zh)ܾϢ@Nԡ
@17o(j)ֱ18o(j)x}ܵˇg(sh)ijNxһֱͣM(jn)(qun)}(qun)ƶ^ӲĿf@Nˇg(sh)ԇDͨ^һN͵(qun)Փƌ(do)һNˇg(sh)(do)ԭt{(dio)ˇg(sh)c(qun)Փ@Щ17o(j)sՓM(jn)ʽfxʽķW(xu)ҳF(xin)sՓ\(yn)ûA(ch)sy(tng)ߺͳ֮gĻZƌ(do)ˇg(sh)һԭtՓĸwmatrix^MsՓy(tng)ߺͳ֮gP(gun)ϵ˼ڹՓаl(f)]˺Ҫãڌ`˹fģ˹Ŀǰl(f)F(xin)һNˇg(sh)(do)ԭtsՓ߀̎ڌһԭtM(jn)ϵy(tng)A
һ(qun)Ŀ̫̫̫Ӳ
һՓܵһN̫w(x)̫o̫ģͣͥģͣهIJӰ푣һNڼͥģϵ¸(jng)(j)an economy of enrichmentDz܌I(lng)ռкؔҪֻؑ(yng)
ôˇg(sh)βܿ˷@ЩϵK@һϵеĿw^̰l(f)]ã18o(j)˿ڔU(ku)չc؛ŵԣ(lin)ϵͨ^һϵКvʷW(xu)ҺϤѭh(hun)^̺r(nng)I(y)a(chn)ĔU(ku)BY(ji)@ǿr҂Ըw(zhn)_fˇg(sh)ͨ^˿چ}ijF(xin)ҵµijڣ
߲fһN^̰l(f)ˣ҂茦w(x)(ji)M(jn)ؘ(gu)ͨ^@^ĿƌW(xu)(jng)(j)}һcͥͬČ֮«@ĵλ߀˿چ}y(tng)y(tng)B
ͨ^ƌW(xu)İl(f)չ(jng)(j)ĸһNͬ҂Q顰(jng)(j)economicĬF(xin)ģҲͨ^@TƌW(xu)пܽ綨Щ˿еĆ}
Ƿ^҂Ҳfڌ˿І}J(rn)RԼ҂Q齛(jng)(j)ǂF(xin)I(lng)xĆ}K(qun)ķɿ֮ⱻ˼˼Ӌy(tng)ӋW(xu)xĂy(tng)ֻھ@NǸ(j)(qun)ʽ\(yn)ģķ(ni)˾l(f)]õF(xin)ڄtɞͻ(qun)ϵKҪg(sh)Ҫg(sh)֮һ
˿چ}ԺηNʽʹÿ˷ˇg(sh)l(f)չϵKɞ˿ڵҕض˿ڬF(xin)ɞһNF(xin)ʹKͥģʽʹ(jng)(j)«@ĵλɞy(tng)ӋW(xu)ǰ܃(ni)Ǐ(qun)\(yn)еĽǶ\(yn)F(xin)ڽy(tng)ӋW(xu)tʾ˿ԼҎ(gu)ԣregularityԼʺͰl(f)Լϡȱѭh(hun)cycles of scarcityȵ
y(tng)ӋW(xu)߀˿I(lng)һϵеĿЧܻsͥĬF(xin)вطˮƽڄӺؔM(jn)L
y(tng)ӋW(xu)߀ͨ^˿ڵwL(fng)I(y)ӵ˿һЩضĽ(jng)(j)y(tng)ӋW(xu)ʹ@Щض˿ڬF(xin)ͬrҲ@ʾ@NضԲ߀ԭͥSȡɾڽ̻⺭Ě}Լͥģʽѽ(jng)ʧˡF(xin)F(xin)˿ڵă(ni)Ҫغ˿Ļֶεļͥ
QԒf˿ڳF(xin)֮ǰԼͥģʽĽ(jng)(j)@Ľ(jng)(j)ͥĹǶȳl(f)]O(sh)ˇg(sh)
Ȼ˿ڱ^ܻsɼͥĆ}һͥ˿ڵһ(ni)Ҫأͬ˿ڱֻеڶλҪԣҲfͥһģֻһMɲͥȻһЃ(yu)ȵλĽMɲoՓΕrҪP(gun)˿ڵϢО˿ڽy(tng)ӋMȵȣҪͨ^ͥܫ@ͥ˕r׃һֶһģͣ˿ڵֶĿģ͡J(rn)@Nģ͌浽ֶΌD(zhun)׃^Ҫ18o(j)~_ʼͥc˿P(gun)ֶγF(xin)ͨ^N\(yn)ӣcampaignsĄY(ji)ƏVӷNȵ@ӿ˼ͥ@ģʹ˿}ܿ˷ˇg(sh)l(f)չϵK
ڶ˿ƺԽ|ɞKĿ(qun)ͬĿ(bio)О鱾˿ڵĸrĸM(jn)ؔӣLˮƽߣȵ
Á_(d)@ЩĿ(bio)ֶαijNxҲ˿(ni)ڹе
õ@˿ֱͨ^Ҏ(gu)ģ\(yn)ӣgʹ@һЩg(sh)@Щg(sh)oȫ˽Ҳܴ̼(do)˿ijЩ^(q)I(y)ȵ@˿cf(qun)ߵČ߀fĿ(bio)ֶ˿ҪwaspirationwͬrҲеČ挦˿֪Ҫʲô팦һһo֪ÿһM˿ڵĂRӴε棨interest߀бJ(rn)˿棨ܘ(gu)˿ڵÿ˵ضʲô@˿Ŀ(bio)ֶΣһNˇg(sh)ijN̶һϵн^·fַͼg(sh)Qˡ
@˿@c16o(j)ıбQ(qun)ĵǷN|M@ζһNԵĺRķʽM(jn)Ч˿ڳɞ횰P(gun)^Yϣobservations֪Rsavoir]M(jn)һ֪RsavoirĘ(gu)@һN֪RĘ(gu)ܲɷ֣@N֪Rnjc˿ڣVxϣP(gun)^̣҂Q齛(jng)(j)ǂ|֪Rϴvf^ν(jng)(j)W(xu)Ę(gu)˿@NwеĸNؔҪصijF(xin)@Nν(jng)(j)W(xu)¿ƌW(xu)Ǐ@һNJ(rn)R˿I(lng)֮ؔgBm(x)ӵP(gun)ϵ(gu)ɵ;W(wng)j(lu)J(rn)RЮa(chn)
SģĸA(y)(jng)(j)˿I(lng)ĸA(y)γQԒf18o(j)l(f)ģˇg(sh)οƌW(xu)(qun)Y(ji)(gu)֧wregimeg(sh)֧wD(zhun)׃̼˿ڵ}Լɴ˶ν(jng)(j)W(xu)Q
@fˇg(sh)һ׃?yu)οƌW(xu)(qun)Ͳl(f)]
ǡǡ෴Ҫf(qun)}ā]@rô(qun)}Ѳ1617o(j)ǘҪ(qun)Փƌ(do)ˇg(sh)෴bˇg(sh)F(xin)ѽ(jng)ڣڲ(qun)}ҪǣʲôӵķʽƶʽʲôӵķɻA(ch)Աx蘋(gu)ɇ(qun)
҂xһ±Răɂı͉ڡٿȫġν(jng)(j)W(xu)~l҂Rˇg(sh)}ķʽָ@^c@ıdzɫ(jng)(j)conomieһ~Hָһ֮ͥؔa(chn)Ĺ[19]@Nģʽٱ^ȥгָ(j)ģ
RfF(xin)҂֪ν(jng)(j)W(xu)ָIJǼͥĽ(jng)(j)]_ᵽr(nng)W(xu)ɣԼy(tng)ӋW(xu)˿ڵһ㆖}Rú@D(zhun)(gu)ɵģν(jng)(j)W(xu)Ľ(jng)(j)һȫµĺx@ºxܱsfļͥģȥ[20]@ƪУ(dn)ؓ(f)oˇg(sh)һ¶x΄(w)ˡsՓDZ@ӵĆ}\(yn)Ȼs@ӵĸһNP(gun)ձԭtοܵģ@Nԭto(qun)ķԭtˇg(sh)܉ͨ^Խ綨Щض˿gһNˇg(sh)ǷNԽ^οƌW(xu)ˇg(sh)ijF(xin)](qun)ǡǡ෴(qun)}׃ñκΕrӼJ
o(j)Ҳ]б
ֻھwl(f)չĻA(ch)o(j)ɵĽMģʽ1718o(j)o(j)ɵаl(f)չƶȣW(xu)УS܊꠵ȣoՓǮ(dng)o(j)Ɍ˿׃Ҫĕro(j)ɲǰδеҪx˘Oߵărֵ
˿ڵĹcwҎ(gu)ģĬF(xin)Լ@ЩF(xin)ĿwЧP(gun)߀ζ˿ڵȺͼ(x)(ji)ό˿M(jn)й˿ĸʹ(qun)A(ch)@}׃øӼJһRͬҲʹl(f)չo(j)ɵıҪ׃øУһo(j)ɵȫvʷڄe̎Lԇ[21]
҂oüo(j)(qun)Sִ֮o(j)@ӵķʽ}
Hһ(qun)-o(j)-ҪĿ(bio)˿ڣęC(j)ǰȫãthe apparatus of securityoՓҪչʾ\(yn)֮g̵Ěvʷ(lin)ϵxʽĆ}(do)Ʒ(qun)(sh)constants\(yn)
ʹ˿һN(sh)(j)datumһA(y)I(lng)һNg(sh)Ŀ(bio)F(xin)\(yn)
Լʹ(jng)(j)ɞһF(xin)ضν(jng)(j)W(xu)ɞ@F(xin)I(lng)rA(y)ĿƌW(xu)ͼg(sh)^(c̎xһ)
˿ν(jng)(j)@\(yn)ӣԏ18o(j)_ʼ(gu)һԌϵ@ϵֱȻβ
֮fǣ¿]֮@Tn_еQԭxġȫI(lng)˿ڡ
оҷQ顰g(sh)Ěvʷǂ|g(sh)һ~˼
1ƶ˼Լʹ@NȻ(f)sę(qun)ʽԌʩӋַMɵĿwĿ(bio)˿ڣҪ֪Rʽν(jng)(j)W(xu)ļg(sh)ǰȫãapparatus of security
2ںLһΕrһNڅ(qun)ʽ(qun)o(j)ɵȣf@NɷQ顰ę(qun)ʽռ(j)ͻĵλpre-eminence@Nڅݣһ挧(do)һϵеęC(j)apparatusesγһt(do)һ֪Rsavoirsİl(f)չ
3g(sh)@~߀ָ@һ^̣f@^̵ĽY(ji)ͨ^@һ^o(j)˾ңthe state of justice1516D(zhun)׃?yu)ңadministrative stateF(xin)u
҂֪ۇҘsu(y)ʩչħfascination
҂֪˂ǶôP(gun)עҵԴvʷM(jn)Լҵę(qun)Ex҆}^ărֵvalue@wF(xin)ڃɷNʽϣһNֱӵеL(fng)ķʽ挦҂ǰѪޫFmonstre froidrL(fng)
֮߀еڶN҆}Ӌ^ߵķʽ@NʽһՓ@߀ԭՓģ@NʽѰч߀ԭһϵйܣfunctionsl(f)չa(chn)a(chn)a(chn)P(gun)ϵ@NҽɫҪԵ߀ԭՓ?yn)sJ(rn)@NɫһдĿ(bio)һҪռ(j)ă(yu)ݵλǽ^Ҫǽćҿܱښvʷκһr̶ٓ@N@Ny(tng)һ@Nԣ@N(yn)Ĺԣfunctionality̹ʵf@NҪ
һS^һͬĬF(xin)һNصijҪԱ҂SҪöS҂ĬF(xin)ԡҲnj҂ĬF(xin)ڣpresentfҌĿƣthetatisation of society߀ҵġgovernmentalizationôҪ
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ˣֻg(sh)һַA(ch)҂ҵijm(x)ڣsurvivalc
҂S@NʽMܷdzֲ_ؘ(gu)(qun)ľʽľ(jng)(j)economies˾ңa(chn)ڷ⽨I(lng)w(yng)һNɣ(x)Tķ漰һx(w)VA
a(chn)1516o(j)߅I(lng)ԣterritoriality(yng)һƣregulationͼo(j)ɵ
HϲI(lng)ԁ綨˿ڵĶѼܶȁ綨䌍ҲI(lng)˿ھͷֲI(lng)ϣM@@(sh)ֻǎׂMҪ֮һ@NҌ|(zh)c˿ĪP(gun)ϵ@ֶهý(jng)(j)֪Rsavoir@һߵąf(xi)J(rn)@NҌ(yng)һNȫÿƵ
ԺvҌg(sh)һĹϵĻI(lng)ģʽһһN⽻-܊¼g(sh)@Ng(sh)S˹طlsW(ni)_(d)cЮa(chn)
@Ng(sh)֮܉߂ľSֻܚwһϵضֶ@ЩֶǺˇg(sh)ͬrγɵf1718o(j)~xf@ЩֶαQ顰ΰpoliceI(lng)µ⽻-܊¼g(sh)ԼΰJ(rn)@أʹÇҵ@vʷϵĻF(xin)Ԯa(chn)
*ڏıg^ӢıՄ@RžSġՓĠՓNīI(xin)ıF(xin)ʽǶNӵЩnjRžSֱԲMٝP(yng)NaudMachonDDgע
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*ԓ~Сc(jng)(j)x@ķҪeconomyӏǰһNxһNx^cg(sh)}P(gun)(lin)g҂һeconomyg顰(jng)(j)W(xu)ЕrҲgϣxעкxď(f)s׃DDgע
*x10֡ȫ˿cI(lng)vnժҪDDgע
[1] Machiavel (N.), Il Prince, Rome, 1532ՓDDgע
[2] Rehberg (A. W.), Das Buch von Frsten, Hanovre, 1910.
[3] Leo (H.), Die Briefe des Florentinischen Kanzlers, Berlin, 1826.
[4] Ranke (L. Von), Historisch-politishce Zeitschrift, Berlin, 1832-1833.
[5] Politi (L.), Disputationes de Libris a Christiano detestandis, 1542ޕSienaAmbrogio Catarino
[6] Gentillet (I.), Discours sur les moyens de bien gouverner et maintenir en bonne paix un royaume ou autre principaut, contre Nicolas Machiavel, 1576.
[7] Frdric II, Anti-Machiavel, ou Essai de critique surLe Princede Machiavel, La Haye, 1740.
[8] Elyot (T.), The Boke Named the Governour, Londres, 1531.
[9] Paruna (P.), Della Perfezione della Vita politica, Venise, 1579.
[10] De La Perrire (G.)Le Miroir politique, contenant diverses manires de gouverner et policer les rpubliques, Paris, 1555.
[11] De La Perrire (G.)1567
[12] De La Mothe Le Vayer (F.), LOeconomieque du Prince, Paris, Gourb, 1653.
[13] De La Mothe Le Vayer (F.), La Gographie et la Morale du Prince, Paris, Gourb, 1651; LOeconomieque du Prince, Paris, Gourb, 1653; La Politique du Prince, Paris, Gourb, 1653.
[14]conomieoeconomie(jng)(j)W(xu)(jng)(j)@~Դoikosңnomosɂ~˼tعȫ\ҸRousseauJ.-J., Discours sul lconomie politique1755, in Oeuvres compltes, t.III, Du contrat social. Ecrits politique, Paris, Gallimard, coll.Bibliothque de la Pliade, 1964, p.241Փν(jng)(j)W(xu)\(yn)g1gиĄ̄(w)ӡ^1962DDgע
[15] De La Perrire (G.),, 1567, p.46.
[16] Frdric II,in Anti-Machiavel,d.,critique par C. Fleischauer, in Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, Geneve, E. Droz, 1958, Vol.V, pp.199- 200.
[17]еՓǵۇģ߀ǹ͇(yng)ԓĺڊ^1567p.46
[18]е߀Ҫԛ]д̵ķԇDһNصķʽ͇ᘌij(yng)ԓʹÜغͺ͌LJ(yn)ʹùLJ(yn)ᡱͬע
[19]@~˼tعȫ\Ҹ241퓣ı1퓨DDgע
[20]ԵĻA(ch)˲ͬ·ܺμһ(j)@ɣ҂Ō(jng)(j)c˽˽(jng)(j)^(q)e_cͥo֮ͬ̎
]Ќ߶mõОҎ(gu)ɡP.241244Փν(jng)(j)W(xu)1퓣34gиĄӨDDgע
[21] Michel Foucault, Surveiller et Punir, Naissance de la prison, Paris, Gallimard, 1975.
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