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精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理研究

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2020-11-20 來源: 講話發(fā)言 點(diǎn)擊:

 目

 錄

 中 文 摘 要 ......................................................................................................................... I

 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... III

 引

 言 .................................................................................................................................. 1

 第一章

 駐村幫扶干部管理概述 .................................................................................... 14

 1.1 概念界定 .............................................................................................................. 14

 1.1.1 精準(zhǔn)扶貧 ................................................................................................... 14

 1.1.2 駐村幫扶干部 ........................................................................................... 14

 1.1.3 駐村幫扶干部管理 ................................................................................... 15

 1.2 相關(guān)理論 .............................................................................................................. 18

 1.2.1 能力貧困理論 ........................................................................................... 18

 1.2.2 網(wǎng)格化治理理論 ....................................................................................... 18

 1.3 精準(zhǔn)扶貧中加強(qiáng)駐村幫扶干部管理的緊迫性 .................................................. 19

 1.3.1 打通政策措施到村到戶精準(zhǔn)滴灌重要管道的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要 ....................... 19

 1.3.2 多樣化幫扶措施滿足多方位需求的內(nèi)在要求 ....................................... 19

 1.3.3 滿足貧困農(nóng)村治理效率提升的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要 ............................................... 20

 1.3.4 打造緊密聯(lián)系貧困對(duì)象溝通渠道的現(xiàn)實(shí)要求 ....................................... 21

 第二章

 和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理的現(xiàn)狀 ................................................ 23

 2.1 和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理概述 ...................................................... 23

 2.1.1 和順縣基本情況 ....................................................................................... 23

 2.1.2 和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧概述 ............................................................................... 24

 2.1.3 和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理概況 ........................................... 28

 2.2 和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理的主要舉措 .......................................... 30

 2.2.1 加強(qiáng)選派管理 ........................................................................................... 30

 2.2.2 完善駐村管理制度 ................................................................................... 31

 2.2.3 強(qiáng)化考核激勵(lì) ........................................................................................... 38

 2.2.4 落實(shí)駐村保障 ........................................................................................... 40

 2.3 和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理的成效 .................................................. 41

 2.3.1 進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了駐村幫扶干部的精細(xì)化管理 ........................................... 41

 2.3.2 進(jìn)一步提高了脫貧攻堅(jiān)的精準(zhǔn)性科學(xué)性實(shí)效性 ................................... 41

 2.3.3 進(jìn)一步提升了鄉(xiāng)村治理效能 ................................................................... 42

 第三章

 和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理存在的問題

  及原因 ...................... 44

 3.1 和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理存在的問題 .......................................... 44

 3.1.1 存在選人不優(yōu)、派人不硬的現(xiàn)象 ........................................................... 44

 3.1.2 存在“多頭管理”的現(xiàn)象 ....................................................................... 44

 3.1.3 存在駐村幫扶干部“異化”的現(xiàn)象 ....................................................... 45

 3.2 和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧中幫扶干部管理存在問題的原因 .......................................... 46

 3.2.1 管理機(jī)制不健全 ....................................................................................... 46

 3.2.2 幫扶功利化 ............................................................................................... 46

 3.2.3 壓力型體制下的強(qiáng)制加碼施壓 ............................................................... 47

 3.2.4 基層黨組織軟弱渙散 ............................................................................... 48

 第四章

 精準(zhǔn)扶貧中完善駐村幫扶干部管理的對(duì)策 .................................................... 50

 4.1 壓實(shí)各級(jí)責(zé)任 ...................................................................................................... 50

 4.1.1 壓實(shí)各級(jí)干部駐村幫扶工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組和辦公室責(zé)任 ........................... 50

 4.1.2 壓實(shí)地方黨委政府責(zé)任 ........................................................................... 50

 4.1.3 壓實(shí)單位包村幫扶責(zé)任 ........................................................................... 51

 4.1.4 強(qiáng)化屬地管理 ........................................................................................... 53

 4.2 加強(qiáng)隊(duì)伍管理 ...................................................................................................... 54

 4.2.1 加大“派”的力度 ................................................................................... 54

 4.2.2 嚴(yán)格“管”的措施 ................................................................................... 54

 4.2.3 激發(fā)“干”的感情 ................................................................................... 56

 4.3 加強(qiáng)督查考核 ...................................................................................................... 57

 4.3.1 明確考核內(nèi)容 ........................................................................................... 58

 4.3.2 明晰考核步驟 ........................................................................................... 59

 4.3.3 運(yùn)用考核結(jié)果 ........................................................................................... 60

 結(jié)

 語(yǔ) ................................................................................................................................ 61

 參 考 文 獻(xiàn) ...................................................................................................................... 63

 致

 謝 ................................................................................................................................ 66

 個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)況及聯(lián)系方式 ........................................................................................................ 67

 承

 諾

 書 ........................................................................................................................ 68

 學(xué)位論文使用授權(quán)聲明 .................................................................................................... 69

 Contents Chinese abstract .................................................................................................................. I Abstract ............................................................................................................................. III Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter I Village to help cadres management overview ............................................... 14 1.1 Concept Definition ............................................................................................... 14 1.1.1 Accurate Poverty Alleviation ..................................................................... 14 1.1.2 Supporting Cadres in Villages ................................................................... 14 1.1.3 Management of Supporting Cadres in Villages ......................................... 15 1.2 Relevant Theories ................................................................................................. 18 1.2.1 Competence Poverty Theory ..................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Grid Governance Theory ........................................................................... 18 1.3 Urgency of Strengthening the Management of Cadres Supporting Resident Villages in Precision Poverty Alleviation ................................................................... 19 1.3.1 Realistic Need to Open up Important Pipelines for Accurate Drip Irrigation from Policies and Measures to Villages and Households ................................... 19 1.3.2 Diversified Assistance Measures Meet Internal Requirements of Multi-faceted Needs ........................................................................................... 19 1.3.3 Meeting the Practical Needs of Improving Governance Efficiency in Poor Rural Areas ......................................................................................................... 20 1.3.4 Realistic Requirements for Building Communication Channels Closely Connecting Poor People ..................................................................................... 21 Chapter II About the current situation of the management of resident cadres in heshun county"s precision poverty alleviation program ............................................... 23 2.1 Overview of Management of Resident Cadres in Accurate Poverty Alleviation in heshun county ............................................................................................................. 23 2.1.1 Basic Information of heshun county ......................................................... 23 2.1.2 Overview of Accurate Poverty Alleviation in heshun county ................... 24 2.1.3 Overview of Management of Resident Cadres in Precision Poverty Alleviation in heshun county .............................................................................. 28 2.2 Major Measures for Cadre Management in Resident Villages in Precision Poverty

 Alleviation in heshun county ...................................................................................... 30 2.2.1 Strengthening Selection Management ....................................................... 30 2.2.2 Improve the Resident Village Management System ................................. 31 2.2.3 Strengthening Assessment Incentive ......................................................... 38 2.2.4 Implementation of Resident Security ........................................................ 40 2.3 Effectiveness of Management of Cadres Helping Villages in Precision Poverty Alleviation in heshun county ...................................................................................... 41 2.3.1 Further strengthened the fine management of helping cadres in villages . 41 2.3.2 To further improve the accuracy, scientificity and effectiveness of the poverty eradication campaign ............................................................................. 41 2.3.3 Further Improving the Efficiency of Rural Governance ........................... 42 Chapter III About the problems and reasons in the management of resident cadres in heshun county"s precision poverty alleviation ............................................................... 44 3.1 Problems Existing in the Management of Resident Cadres in Accurate Poverty Alleviation in heshun county ...................................................................................... 44 3.1.1 There is a phenomenon that the candidates are not excellent and the personnel are not hard to send ............................................................................ 44 3.1.2 The phenomenon of "multi-head management" exists .............................. 44 3.1.3 There is a phenomenon of "alienation" in helping cadres in villages ....... 45 3.2 Reasons for Problems in Cadre Assistance Management in Precision Poverty Alleviation in heshun county ...................................................................................... 46 3.2.1 Unsound management mechanism ............................................................ 46 3.2.2 Utilitarianism of Aid .................................................................................. 46 3.2.3 Forced overweight under the pressure system........................................... 47 3.2.4 Grassroots party organizations are weak and lax ...................................... 48 Chapter IV Measures to Improve the Management of Cadres in Resident Villages in Precision Poverty Alleviation ........................................................................................... 50 4.1 Compaction responsibilities at all levels .............................................................. 50 4.1.1 Compacting the Responsibilities of Leading Groups and Offices of Cadres at All Levels in Village Assistance ..................................................................... 50 4.1.2 Compacting Local Party Committee and Government Responsibilities ... 50

 4.1.3 Responsibility of Compacting Unit for Village Support 51 Strengthening territorial management........................................................................................ 51 4.1.4 Strengthening territorial management ....................................................... 53 4.2 Strengthening Team Management ........................................................................ 54 4.2.1 Intensify "Pie" ........................................................................................... 54 4.2.2 Strict "control" measures ........................................................................... 54 4.2.3 Stimulate "Dry" Feelings ........................................................................... 56 4.3 Strengthen Supervision and Assessment .............................................................. 57 4.3.1 Clear assessment content ........................................................................... 58 4.3.2 Clarify Examination Steps ......................................................................... 59 4.3.3 Application of Assessment Results ............................................................ 60 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 61 References ......................................................................................................................... 63 Acknowledgment .............................................................................................................. 66 Personal Profile ................................................................................................................. 67 Letter of Commitment ..................................................................................................... 68 Statement on Authorization ............................................................................................. 69

 I 中 文 摘 要

 消除貧困、改善民生、實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕是社會(huì)主義的本質(zhì)要求。所謂“精準(zhǔn)扶貧”與“粗放扶貧”形成對(duì)比,根據(jù)不同的區(qū)域貧困環(huán)境、不同狀況的貧困戶,使用有效的、科學(xué)的方法對(duì)貧困對(duì)象實(shí)施精準(zhǔn)的識(shí)別、幫扶、管理。習(xí)近平總書記指出,“致富不致富,關(guān)鍵看干部”。2012 年始,國(guó)務(wù)院扶貧辦提出將幫扶干部作為“六個(gè)精準(zhǔn)”的重要措施之一,但由于對(duì)幫扶干部缺少行之有效的管理方法,目前存在很多“扶富不扶貧”、扶貧資源分配和使用不均衡、越扶越貧、“脫靶”等現(xiàn)象不同程度存在,所以加強(qiáng)幫扶干部管理有利于中央的各項(xiàng)扶貧政策精準(zhǔn)落實(shí)到戶、提高貧困群眾滿意度、提升脫貧成效等。為了實(shí)現(xiàn) 2020 年全面消除貧困的目標(biāo),全國(guó)人民一起進(jìn)入小康社會(huì)這一必須要完成的“軍令狀”,《中共中央國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的決定》進(jìn)一步明確了幫扶干部中最具有力量的與貧困群眾同吃同住同勞動(dòng)、與貧困群眾聯(lián)系最緊密的駐村幫扶干部模式。加強(qiáng)駐村幫扶干部管理,有利于幫扶政策措施到村到戶,實(shí)施“精準(zhǔn)滴灌”的重要管道;有利于打通宏觀與微觀扶貧緊密結(jié)合的有效通道,實(shí)現(xiàn)多樣化幫扶滿足多維度需求,提升貧困農(nóng)村治理效能。因此,研究精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理具有極其重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

 和順縣是國(guó)家扶貧開發(fā)工作重點(diǎn)縣,其駐村幫扶干部管理具代表性。本文以和順縣為典型案例,采用實(shí)地觀察法、問卷調(diào)查法、訪談?wù){(diào)查法、文獻(xiàn)調(diào)查法等重新審視和順縣的情況,運(yùn)用實(shí)證研究方法著重分析其精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理現(xiàn)狀、存在問題及其原因,本文主要運(yùn)用四個(gè)章節(jié)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)探討:

 第一章是駐村干部幫扶管理概述。主要對(duì)駐村干部幫扶管理的核心概念進(jìn)行了界定,廓清了相關(guān)理論內(nèi)涵,并分析了加強(qiáng)精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村干部幫扶管理的必要性。

 第二章主要闡述和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理的現(xiàn)狀。梳理和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理的現(xiàn)狀,進(jìn)行分析基本狀況、基本措施和幫扶取得管理成效。

 第三章著重分析和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理中存在的問題與原因。基于梳理與分析,認(rèn)為其存在選人不優(yōu)、派人不硬的現(xiàn)象,認(rèn)為存在駐村幫扶干部“多頭管理”,駐村幫扶干部“異化”,駐村幫扶干部日常監(jiān)管有盲點(diǎn),駐村幫扶干部工作積極性不高等問題,進(jìn)而厘清存在問題的原因:一是管理機(jī)制不健全;二是動(dòng)員式幫扶功利化;三是壓力型體制下的強(qiáng)制加碼施壓;四是基層黨組織軟弱渙散。

 第四章基于上述研究并結(jié)合本人工作實(shí)際提出了相關(guān)針對(duì)性建議。一是壓實(shí)各

 II 級(jí)責(zé)任,明確各級(jí)責(zé)任是什么;二是加強(qiáng)隊(duì)伍管理;三是加強(qiáng)督查考核,明確考核內(nèi)容和步驟,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化結(jié)果運(yùn)用;四是強(qiáng)化問責(zé)處理,對(duì)不按照制度辦事的幫扶干部啟動(dòng)問責(zé)程序。

 本文借鑒吸收了國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)外的干部幫扶管理理論成果,以和順縣駐村幫扶干部管理為典型案例,對(duì)我國(guó)精準(zhǔn)扶貧中加強(qiáng)駐村幫扶干部管理理論與實(shí)踐有一定的促進(jìn)作用和借鑒價(jià)值。

 關(guān)鍵詞:精準(zhǔn)扶貧;駐村幫扶干部管理;治理能力現(xiàn)代化

 III ABSTRACT

 Eliminating poverty, enhancing people"s livelihood and achieving common prosperity are the important requirements of socialism.The so-called targeted poverty alleviation is in contrast with extensive poverty alleviation. According to the poor households in different poverty environments and conditions in different regions, effective scientific methods are used to carry out accurate identification, assistance and management of poverty objects. Since 2012, the poverty relief office of the state council has proposed to help cadres as one of the six important accurate measures. However, due to the lack of effective management methods for helping cadres, there are many phenomena such as helping the rich not to help the poor in the distribution of resources and unbalanced use of resources, helping the poor to miss the target and so on.Therefore, strengthening the assistance and management of cadres is conducive to the accurate implementation of the central government"s poverty alleviation policies to improve the satisfaction of the poor people and improve the effectiveness of poverty alleviation. The central committee of the communist party of China about win battle poverty under the State Council decided to further clarify the help the cadres in the most has the strength and poor masses with eat to live the most closely associated with labor and poor masses residency support cadre mode will strengthen residency support cadre management will to support policies and measures to the village to the door, the implementation of the importance of precise drip irrigation pipe; It is beneficial to get through the effective channel that combines macroscopical and microcosmic poverty alleviation closely,Important pipes for precise drip irrigation; Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the management of targeted poverty alleviation cadres in the villages. Heshun county is the national key poverty alleviation and development work, the residency support cadre management representative will taking heshun county as a typical case, USES the fact-finding investigation questionnaire interviews and literature method, etc to re-examine heshun,

 IV using empirical research method emphatically analyzes its precision in the poverty alleviation residency support will cadre management present situation existence question and its reason, in this paper, we use four chapters to discuss in detail. The first chapter is the village cadres help management overview. This paper mainly defines the core concept of the assistance management of resident village cadres, clarifies the relevant theoretical connotation, and analyzes the necessity of strengthening the assistance management of resident village cadres in targeted poverty alleviation.

 The second chapter mainly expounds the current situation of the management of targeted poverty alleviation cadres in villages in He shun county. To sort out the current situation of the management of targeted poverty alleviation cadres in villages in He shun county, and to analyze the basic situation, basic measures and management results of assistance.

 The third chapter mainly analyzes the problems and causes in the management of targeted poverty alleviation cadres in villages in He shun county. Based on combing and analysis that the existence of the candidates is not optimal, the phenomenon of people not hard, think there residency support cadre "bulls management" will residency support cadre "alienation" will residency support cadres daily regulation will have a blind spot, residency support cadre work enthusiasm is not high, will further clarify the cause of the problem: one is the management mechanism is not sound; The second is the mobilization of utilitarian help; Third, the pressure system under the pressure of mandatory pressure; Fourth, grassroots party organizations are weak and lax. The fourth chapter based on the above research and combined with my actual work put forward relevant targeted Suggestions. First, compaction of all levels of responsibility, clear levels of responsibility is what; Second, strengthen team management; Third, strengthen supervision and assessment, clear assessment content and steps, further strengthen the use of results; Fourth, we will strengthen accountability, and launch accountability

 V procedures for assisting cadres who do not follow the system.

 This paper draws on the theoretical achievements of cadre assistance management at home and abroad, and takes the management of cadre assistance in the villages of heshun county as a typical case, which has certain promotion and reference value for strengthening the management theory and practice of cadre assistance in the targeted poverty alleviation in China.

 Key words: Targeted poverty alleviation; Assisting cadres in village management; Modernization of governance capacity

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 言 研究背景與研究意義 1.研究背景 “精準(zhǔn)扶貧”這一詞匯最早由習(xí)近平總書記提出。2013 年 11 月,在湖南湘西考察時(shí),與當(dāng)?shù)卮迕刹孔,作?ldquo;實(shí)事求是、因地制宜、分類指導(dǎo)、精準(zhǔn)扶貧 ”的重要指示。2014 年 1 月,中共中央辦公廳、國(guó)務(wù)院辦公廳印發(fā)的《關(guān)于創(chuàng)新機(jī)制扎實(shí)推進(jìn)農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)工作的意見》,提出“要消除貧困,改善民生,走出一條中國(guó)特色扶貧開發(fā)道路,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕”。進(jìn)一步將“精準(zhǔn)扶貧”思想落地,詳細(xì)規(guī)劃了其工作模式的頂層設(shè)計(jì)。2 個(gè)月后,全國(guó)“兩會(huì)”期間,習(xí)近平參加貴州代表團(tuán)審議時(shí)提出“干部要看真貧、扶真貧、真扶貧,使貧困地區(qū)群眾不斷得到實(shí)惠。”,進(jìn)一步闡釋了“精準(zhǔn)扶貧”理念。2015 年 1 月,習(xí)近平考察云南時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào),各級(jí)黨委和政府必須增強(qiáng)緊迫感和主動(dòng)性,在扶貧攻堅(jiān)上進(jìn)一步理清思路、強(qiáng)化責(zé)任,采取力度更大、針對(duì)性更強(qiáng)、作用更直接、效果更可持續(xù)的措施,特別要在精準(zhǔn)扶貧、精準(zhǔn)脫貧上下更大功夫。由此,“精準(zhǔn)扶貧”一詞成為當(dāng)下媒體及社會(huì)各界探討的關(guān)鍵詞。同年 11 月 27 日,在全面建成小康社會(huì)進(jìn)入決勝階段、脫貧攻堅(jiān)進(jìn)入沖刺階段之際,黨中央在北京召開了中央工作會(huì)議,充分體現(xiàn)了對(duì)扶貧開發(fā)工作的高度重視。會(huì)上,習(xí)近平總書記從戰(zhàn)略和全局高度,深刻闡述了推進(jìn)脫貧攻堅(jiān)的重大意義,對(duì)當(dāng)前和今后一個(gè)時(shí)期脫貧攻堅(jiān)任務(wù)作出部署,明確了新時(shí)期扶貧開發(fā)工作的大政方針、目標(biāo)任務(wù)、總體要求。要解決好“扶持誰(shuí)”、“誰(shuí)來扶”、“怎么扶”的三大問題,確保到 2020 年農(nóng)村貧困人口實(shí)現(xiàn)脫貧,就要認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)貫徹習(xí)近平總書記重要講話精神,使扶貧開發(fā)工作站在高處,想在遠(yuǎn)處,干在實(shí)處 。

 2019年12月10日至12日中央經(jīng)濟(jì)工作會(huì)議強(qiáng)調(diào),明年要堅(jiān)決打好三大攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)。對(duì)于脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn),會(huì)議強(qiáng)調(diào),要確保脫貧攻堅(jiān)任務(wù)如期全面完成,集中兵力打好深度貧困殲滅戰(zhàn)。我國(guó)要在 2020 年將全部貧困縣、貧困人口完成脫貧摘帽,讓區(qū)域性貧困不在出現(xiàn),到目前為止還有將近一年的時(shí)間來兌現(xiàn),這是中央作出的莊嚴(yán)承諾,打贏深度貧困地區(qū)脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)是全面建成小康社會(huì)的前提。雖然是“硬仗中的硬仗”,但也是“必須完成的任務(wù)” 2020 年 3 月 6 日,在決戰(zhàn)決勝脫貧攻堅(jiān)座談會(huì)上,習(xí)近平總書記深刻分析脫貧攻堅(jiān)面臨的形勢(shì),就確保高質(zhì)量完成脫貧攻堅(jiān)目標(biāo)任務(wù)作出重大部署,號(hào)召全國(guó)全社會(huì)的人民,以堅(jiān)定必勝的信心可持續(xù)助推脫貧攻堅(jiān)更大決心、更強(qiáng)力度推進(jìn)脫貧

 精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理研究——以和順縣為例

 2 攻堅(jiān),以?shī)Z取最后的勝利,攻堅(jiān)克難,不獲全勝?zèng)Q不收兵。

 2020 年脫貧攻堅(jiān)任務(wù)完成后,中國(guó)有近一億的貧困人口脫離貧困,實(shí)現(xiàn)小康,率先完成聯(lián)合國(guó) 2030 年制定的減貧目標(biāo)。聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)古特雷斯指出,精準(zhǔn)扶貧是一項(xiàng)偉大政策,是實(shí)現(xiàn) 2030 年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程、幫助貧困人口脫貧這一宏偉目標(biāo)的唯一方法。國(guó)際社會(huì)各界對(duì)中國(guó)的脫貧治貧政策充分肯定,中國(guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)值得全球國(guó)家借鑒,通過“一帶一路”共建合作中,許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家表示愿意同中方加強(qiáng)合作,共同實(shí)現(xiàn)全面脫貧。

 2.研究意義 駐村幫扶干部在整個(gè)脫貧攻堅(jiān)領(lǐng)域有著不可替代的作用,本文著重探析在扶貧領(lǐng)域如何管理駐村幫扶干部。從全國(guó)來看,全國(guó)各地紛紛出臺(tái)政策,從各級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)、高校、事業(yè)單位及國(guó)有企業(yè)選派干部到貧困地區(qū)駐村開展幫扶。同時(shí),干部駐村幫扶從長(zhǎng)期看是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨群眾路線的重要實(shí)踐形式,在精準(zhǔn)扶貧工作中干部幫扶不僅僅延續(xù)了群眾路線,還成為一種貧困治理的新模式和新機(jī)制。

 駐村幫扶干部是黨和政府聯(lián)系貧困群眾的重要橋梁。通過駐村進(jìn)點(diǎn)與群眾同吃同住同勞動(dòng),朝夕相處讓干部直接聯(lián)系服務(wù)群眾,感受到群眾的安危冷暖,把握群眾的思想脈搏,把黨和政府的關(guān)心和溫暖送到群眾手中,把群眾的需求轉(zhuǎn)化成政府的決策上通下達(dá),在黨和政府與人民群眾之間架起暖心橋;干部幫扶作為歷久彌新的農(nóng)村工作手段,在精準(zhǔn)扶貧中在廣泛動(dòng)員行政、社會(huì)力量、充分利用扶貧資源、激發(fā)貧困對(duì)象內(nèi)生動(dòng)力等方面發(fā)揮著積極的作用,因此可以稱之為我國(guó)扶貧方式的制度性創(chuàng)舉。駐村干部幫扶將“行業(yè)扶貧”與“單位包村”的優(yōu)勢(shì)相結(jié)合,更好的將“精確度”較低的問題進(jìn)行解決,對(duì)駐村干部幫扶管理進(jìn)行研究,可以豐富和拓展農(nóng)村脫貧理論和農(nóng)村治理理論,有利于廣大幫扶干部正確認(rèn)識(shí)其重要意義,找到正確的工作方法促進(jìn)幫扶成效,完成精準(zhǔn)扶貧中黨和政府給予駐村幫扶干部的重大任務(wù)。

 駐村干部幫扶是推動(dòng)精準(zhǔn)扶貧精準(zhǔn)脫貧、打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的重要力量。黨的十八大以來,以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央,把脫貧攻堅(jiān)作為我們黨執(zhí)政的重要使命,作為全面建成小康社會(huì)的突出重要性和底線目標(biāo),目前僅山西省就有 1.16 萬名領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部,帶領(lǐng) 9410 支駐村工作隊(duì) 25.6 萬名黨員干部,派駐 9395 名農(nóng)村第一書記,對(duì)全省的 7993 個(gè)建檔立卡貧困村和 119.2 萬建檔立卡貧困戶,結(jié)對(duì)幫扶全覆蓋。“兩個(gè)全覆蓋”,就是駐村工作隊(duì)對(duì)貧困村的幫扶全覆蓋,黨員干部對(duì)貧困戶的幫扶結(jié)對(duì)幫扶全覆蓋。僅去年一年,這支力量先后幫扶產(chǎn)業(yè)項(xiàng)目 8547 個(gè),投入產(chǎn)業(yè)開發(fā)資

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 3 金 4.17 億元,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施資金 3.2 億元,資助貧困生 4 萬余人,舉辦各類培訓(xùn)班 1 萬余期,培訓(xùn) 32 萬余人。事實(shí)證明,這三支隊(duì)伍成為山西省打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的主力軍和一線突擊隊(duì),為去年該省實(shí)現(xiàn)脫貧攻堅(jiān)首戰(zhàn)首勝發(fā)揮了重要作用。

 駐村干部幫扶是脫貧攻堅(jiān)成效考核的重要指標(biāo)。到 2020 年全面建成小康社會(huì)是黨的十八大提出的兩個(gè)百年奮斗目標(biāo)之一,也是我們黨做出的莊嚴(yán)承諾。農(nóng)村是全面建成小康社會(huì)最重要的戰(zhàn)略要地,特別是貧困農(nóng)村地區(qū),不達(dá)到貧困地區(qū)的小康就不能建成全社會(huì)的小康。“小康不小康關(guān)鍵看老鄉(xiāng)”,我們不能讓光靠嘴皮子動(dòng)一動(dòng)就實(shí)現(xiàn)了小康社會(huì),需要得到人民群眾的滿意度也需要國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)我國(guó)建成全面小康社會(huì)的認(rèn)可度?倳洶衙撠毠(jiān)作為“四個(gè)全面”戰(zhàn)略布局的最大短板來認(rèn)識(shí)來定位,突顯了脫貧攻堅(jiān)的重要性。因此把貧困的山頭攻下來,把貧困的帽子摘下來,這是一場(chǎng)沒有硝煙的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),是一場(chǎng)只能贏不能輸也輸不起的硬仗。中央政府作為第一方明確了目標(biāo),加大了投入,誰(shuí)來落實(shí),責(zé)任主體是誰(shuí),省市縣三級(jí),作為承擔(dān)主體責(zé)任的第二方,省級(jí)向中央簽訂了責(zé)任書,立下了軍令狀,特別是脫不脫貧,誰(shuí)說了算,不是中央說了算,也不是省市縣說了算,而是必須引進(jìn)第三方評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu),對(duì)群眾滿意度進(jìn)行評(píng)估,由群眾說了算。通過考核就是為了對(duì)照責(zé)任書逐級(jí)檢查工作的進(jìn)度,總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、查找問題、壓實(shí)責(zé)任、傳導(dǎo)壓力。

 2018 年 12 月底,和順縣順利通過了第三方的脫貧驗(yàn)收工作,并在當(dāng)年山西省脫貧攻堅(jiān)考核大排名中取得最高等次“好”;2019 年 4 月 18 日,山西省政府莊嚴(yán)宣布和順縣退出貧困縣序列;2019 年 7 月 6 日—12 日,和順縣代表山西省順利通過了國(guó)家第三方脫貧摘帽抽檢,其中錯(cuò)退率、漏評(píng)率為“零”,98.86%的滿意度,與國(guó)家第三方抽檢小組抽檢的 22 個(gè)其他省市縣最高滿意度 99.2%,幾乎相差無幾。在山西省脫貧攻堅(jiān)表彰會(huì)上,和順縣扶貧領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組被授予“山西省脫貧攻堅(jiān)組織創(chuàng)新獎(jiǎng)”;同時(shí),山西省扶貧辦向國(guó)務(wù)院扶貧辦推薦和順縣作為“四不摘”示范縣。

 這些成績(jī)的取得與和順縣駐村幫扶干部統(tǒng)一管理是密不可分的,并且其積分制管理辦法等在山西全省、榆次全市進(jìn)行了推廣。所以本文以和順縣為典型案例,基于和順縣精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理現(xiàn)狀的分析,探討存在的問題和原因,吸取教訓(xùn)、揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短、借鑒經(jīng)驗(yàn),提出提升駐村幫扶干部管理的相應(yīng)舉措,以期為中國(guó)減貧方案和減貧成就貢獻(xiàn)進(jìn)一步的力量。

 國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)綜述 1.國(guó)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)綜述

 精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理研究——以和順縣為例

 4 (1)關(guān)于貧困定義 國(guó)外在面對(duì)各自程度的貧困問題時(shí)需要考慮到政策制度、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、文化水平等因素。首先需要對(duì)貧困的定義作出詳細(xì)的解釋,以反映出研究者對(duì)貧困定義關(guān)注的角度個(gè)性問題。

 隨著扶貧活動(dòng)的不斷發(fā)展,貧困定義會(huì)隨著研究者的認(rèn)識(shí)程度而不斷開展。在美國(guó),貧困定義最早是在 60 年代由 0rshansky 在研究貧困思想時(shí)得出的,她提出了一個(gè)重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)—“貧困線”,就是將購(gòu)買食物的費(fèi)用的 3 倍設(shè)定為貧困線,如果某家庭的收入低于 3 倍的數(shù)額,則認(rèn)定為貧困者。家庭的規(guī)模大小、人員數(shù)量、城市或者農(nóng)村戶口以及房主的性別都是影響貧困線的主要原因。在美國(guó)官方機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)一些消費(fèi)指數(shù)做出了輕微調(diào)整之后將 0rshansky 的貧困定義在 1969 年收集采納,筆者認(rèn)為 0rshansky 的貧困定義主要針對(duì)貧困者最低生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來制定。

 到了 90 年代,家庭實(shí)際收入及貧困戶的偏好沒有包含在貧困定義中而受到經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的廣泛批評(píng),在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與不平等不充分的矛盾持續(xù)惡化中揭示了問題的嚴(yán)重性。部分學(xué)者由此開始注意,需要依靠貧困者自身的能力才可以提高脫貧功效。Hanveman 和 Bershadker 在這個(gè)時(shí)期提出了凈收入能力貧困( Netearnings Capacity Poverty 簡(jiǎn)稱 NEC)的概念。在他們看來,成年人依靠自身的體力及智力仍不能獲得與其相等或者高于貧困線的收入,則為 NEC。這種新型概念反映出政策取向消除了對(duì)貧困者的就業(yè)限制,讓貧困者能夠通過培訓(xùn)等方式提高凈收入能力。而不是通過單純的發(fā)放救助物資維持貧困生存,要使得貧困者擺脫貧困,調(diào)動(dòng)脫貧積極性,需要授人以“漁”。

 阿瑪?shù)賮?middot;森 ① (1998 年度諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者)同樣有此相似的觀點(diǎn)。他認(rèn)為有兩個(gè)因素應(yīng)包含在貧困定義中,一個(gè)為“識(shí)別貧困方法”,一個(gè)為“貧困特征”,將此二者構(gòu)成“貧困總印象”,即“識(shí)別( identification)”和“特征( characteristic)”。I 和 C 分別代表一個(gè)方面,另外 H 為貧困線以下的人口比例,I 為絕對(duì)收入的貧困比率阿瑪?shù)賮?middot;森提出可以引用“基尼系數(shù) G”來填充因?yàn)槿鄙偈杖敕峙鋯栴}而造成的困擾。由此提出一個(gè)公式 P=H{I+(1-I)G}(阿瑪?shù)賮?middot;森,2001),P 為更精確的衡量貧困的指數(shù),較為精確地把握了貧困的內(nèi)涵,P 隨 G 的增加而增大反映了分配的不平等程度,當(dāng) G 為 0 時(shí),此時(shí) P=H。森認(rèn)為,貧困的真正含義是貧困人口缺乏創(chuàng)造收入的能力和機(jī)會(huì)。其中貧困的原因是他們獲取收入的能力受到剝奪(capability deprivation)以及機(jī)會(huì)的喪失;低收入是導(dǎo)致貧困人口獲取收入能力喪失的一個(gè)重要

  ①

 阿瑪?shù)賮?middot;森. 以自由看待發(fā)展[M]. 北京:中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社, 2002

 引

 言

 5 因素,但并不是全部因素,疾病、人力資本不足、社會(huì)保障系統(tǒng)的軟弱無力、社會(huì)歧視等都是造成人們收入能力喪失的不可忽視的因素。

 表 1.1 國(guó)外貧困理論的研究維度

 上述各個(gè)年代對(duì)于貧困定義的論述具有重要意義。很早以前,由于匱乏的資源以及技術(shù)的落后使得中國(guó)貧困地區(qū)依舊為傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)為主,且貧困地區(qū)人們本身不具有對(duì)貧困落后經(jīng)濟(jì)的強(qiáng)烈改變,所以貧困狀況并沒有根本改善。但現(xiàn)在我國(guó)扶貧方式早已實(shí)現(xiàn)從“救濟(jì)式扶貧”到“開發(fā)式扶貧”的轉(zhuǎn)變,一方面將傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)作為扶貧的主要方式,另一方面要使用專門政策措施具體針對(duì)貧困人口譬如社會(huì)、政治、科教。不過這一切還是要以貧困人口擺脫貧困以及確立能力貧困觀念為最終觀念。

 (2)關(guān)于貧困治理樣本 (一)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的減貧戰(zhàn)略 減貧問題是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家面臨的普遍問題,即使在現(xiàn)有善治的社會(huì)環(huán)境里,也會(huì)充滿政策模糊、挑戰(zhàn)以及潛在的失敗以及低預(yù)期的結(jié)構(gòu),甚至有時(shí)文本戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)亦會(huì)產(chǎn)生逆向效應(yīng),因此,西方發(fā)展中國(guó)家將設(shè)立“善治”(good governance)議程作為重要的政策抓手,并一致認(rèn)為善治對(duì)于減貧目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)至關(guān)重要。② (P . 697) 其具體做法有:1.將脫貧目標(biāo)重新衡量。制定令人信服以及強(qiáng)有力的政策理由來證明善治對(duì)于減貧的重要價(jià)值。對(duì)于很多貧窮的國(guó)家來說,善治或許是一個(gè)期許的政策,盡管現(xiàn)實(shí)的阻力可能會(huì)完全淹沒其實(shí)現(xiàn)的能力,但大部分發(fā)展中國(guó)家能夠?qū)⒆枇D(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閯?dòng)力,找出重新制定減貧戰(zhàn)略的好方法,即在充分治理?xiàng)l件下研究、分析和評(píng)估能力對(duì)于方案目標(biāo)的重制的有效性;2.分清主次矛盾。議程在短期或中期的奏效并非很顯著,將貧困地區(qū)、貧困人口與資源進(jìn)行有效分類,并列出優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)等級(jí),節(jié)

  ①

 Eisenberger R, Huntington R, Hutchison S, et al. Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1986(71):500-507

、

 Alvaredo F, Gasparini L.Recent trends in inequality and poverty in developing countries[M]/ / Handbook of income distribution.Elsevier, 2015. 年代 代表人物 觀點(diǎn) 60 年代 0rshansky ( 1969) [ ① ]

 將購(gòu)買美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部食品計(jì)劃所包含食物的費(fèi)用的 3 倍設(shè)定為貧困線 90 年代 Han 和 Bershadker( 1998) 關(guān)于凈收入能力貧困( 簡(jiǎn)稱 NEC)的概念)

 00 年代 阿瑪?shù)賮?middot;森(2001)

 P=H{I+(1-I)G} P 隨著 G 的增加而增大,當(dāng)分配絕對(duì)平均即所有人的收入都相等時(shí),G 為 0,此時(shí) P=H。

 精準(zhǔn)扶貧中駐村幫扶干部管理研究——以和順縣為例

 6 省稀缺的資源是重要的方法;3.樣本分析。歷史樣本分析和國(guó)家案例分析可以提供有關(guān)減少“必須完成”事項(xiàng)清單的見解,以此作為推行治理改革的建議順序;① 4.汲取邏輯經(jīng)驗(yàn)。治理議程并非萬能治理工具,從“為什么、是什么以及怎么樣”三個(gè)維度進(jìn)行分析和經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié),并通過經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)厘清何種類型和條件下改革比改善機(jī)會(huì)更加有效。

。ǘ┌l(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的區(qū)域貧困治理 1.分析單位的合理性問題 西歐國(guó)家作為高福利地區(qū)的典型代表,區(qū)域內(nèi)的貧困問題也是影響其福利國(guó)家發(fā)展的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。從西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的實(shí)踐來看,區(qū)域貧困問題的解決很難找到一類適當(dāng)?shù)纳鐣?huì)參照群體和物理單位來定義和測(cè)量貧困的程度。西方學(xué)者和部分政府官員認(rèn)為歐盟委員會(huì)在上世紀(jì) 90 年代采用的以“國(guó)家單位”對(duì)貧困的分析和判斷是不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、不科學(xué)的方法。

、 假設(shè)不以同樣的分析單位對(duì)待在不同地區(qū)具有相同生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人群,區(qū)域貧困概況可能具有欺騙性。全球發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家區(qū)域貧困的比較,北美地區(qū)、澳大利亞地區(qū)或者說是歐洲各地區(qū),在區(qū)域貧困治理中有多大程度上通過固定的分析單位縮小了地區(qū)之間的貧富差距呢? 從實(shí)踐來看,分析單位的合理性已經(jīng)上升到國(guó)家公共政策與衡量貧困區(qū)域方法的關(guān)聯(lián)性問題,解決發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家區(qū)域貧困問題中分析單位的演變過程,這...

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