߿չµĹԿg
l(f)rg:2020-06-09 Դ: ժ c
|I(y)WWоڣ߿ 삥kg
ժҪ1990ԁ{(dio)ЈCcȫxxLϯ硣xڞɘOֻUṩՓ(j)ͬrҲɞ顰P(gun)]ԵĄNՓٶȻSǻϵΣCRһ҂횳Jy(tng)ĹՓܡɇ(do)ę(qun)ԹcʽF(xin)Ĺԡѽ(jng)^rڂxI(y)ռĕr҂oһN܉˽ĹՓ͟oF(xin)Եͨ^ͬrM㡰˽־ԸԌ`Ӂ_µĹgչ܉ʹÿһλЙCֱӅcĹԿgɞһoȵWn}
P(gun)I~Ԇl(f)֧ԮgFw־Ը`Ĺg
1.gήs
196070ǰձF(xin)^̽ӑcP(gun)ϵğᳱNP(gun)Ԇ}оӳFrˌWeOMՓ֮bWԘ(gu)\Ҳʮָߝq@Щ\cеԽȻͬҪc֮ʽF(xin)ġһMܴʹԺĮӄrP(gun)ĸ̽ӑȻʮֻS
Ȼ1970𣬹Ԇ}u˂ҕҰ M80ԡƺȫձ˵RʧĪ^ڴxmass democracyĝBҵγɺ͂x@Ӱ⣬80ĭ(jng)r˽x_ʼձ֎衰˽¡һNcxġ˽ĕr˂xğ(do)\Ӳɱήsc׃|(zh)һڂxصͬreOMЈԭһtγˌй(w)olίнoҵęCơK(do)^(q)cط΅f(xi)gFwintermediate group(lin)Y(ji)ˣ˽c֮ý顪˥ˡ
@һ1990xص±xеЈx̖īLjx^±x܌WЈCȫ挍ʩҎ(gu)ƾcpһ棬[Ó±xRΑB(ti)AؽҎ(gu)֏(f)y(tng)ͥcͬwfđfxؔcfеļmpқQc؟ε̖£ȫЈxcȫx[1]@һďص̶ȿáЈԭּxݡ@NЈfܵĸCƼȫx힓PȫһN緶(ni)UɢLUОڴ(do)қQc؟εIJı[һɡP(gun)]Ե
ȻSĭ(jng)ѣԼڳm(x)˰ЈfxȫxΣ֮1990𣬡ԏ(f)d\ӡăA_ʼձ̧^[2]cͬrWҲؽՓӑՓٶȻScՓ»Sֲ˂xеġһNP(gun)]Եă(ni)ڄΣCRһ҂ҲòJĹԿܡ(do)ę(qun)ԹcʽF(xin)ĹԵČDʽȱɲԡPߌĹԿ顰ԡ\ԡČDʽJΘ(gu)@һԵġհĹgɞҪn}y(tng)ĹՓTڏĶԪĽǶȁաc˽P(gun)ϵ(do)һNo߀ԭ顰˽ĹڂxI(y)ѝBĽ҂o_һNͬr˽ġԡҕcôǟoʹԫ@ġ
µĹgչDZԠ˽rǿͨ^܉ͬr˽־ԸԌ`Ӂ팍F(xin)
2.˽Ĺ
ͨrָһNԽ˽P(gun)ν(jng)γəCơܵ˂ҕĹԴ¿Ʉ֞ɴ
һǡԡҊԹּȤĹI(y)ԼSoY˽O(sh)õ@ֹ˂Q顰ĹġһN(qun)ӼĹһԻ\ԡ@ͨ^_ӑՓ\ӵȷʽγݛՓԴһNҪfoҵýڵĹԡc(qun)ʽݛՓԈs־ҕȴý_ĸNݛՓh(hun)\\Լƽ\ӵ\Ӷڵ͵\[3] (zhn)ձĹԆ}ʼK@@Զչ_
籾_^ἰǘ196070cP(gun)ϵ̽ӑȫձԆ}P(gun)עڽ(jng)v˷NNKӭSԣ80ԺScxĝBrֵ^ĶӻʽĂԻ˂ԵğF(xin)@cͬrc˽ķxtԽl(f)@cȫͬČγ힓P˽˽x
ĹҪwF(xin)錦c˽ʽF(xin)ġP(gun)עһNc˽£Լ飩ɵĹңP(gun)ע@ЩԽ˽µĆ}ˌԵP(gun)ڂxI(y)ռĽ죬˂yԡc˽ČǰĹձʮ˽һ˶ЌܵSԣʹձI(y)͇҃(yu)ȵD(zhun)ͳɞ邀˃(yu)ĺһ˸^һ֮ձ߂ԇCđB(ti)ȌԆ}MІɵh(hun)ҕȹݛՓHµγɺo棬(jng)F(xin)sһNչ[Ʒ㡱Mչʾ
Ŀǰ҂ڴչһNͬr˽ġ˽ҕcԡ˽ʽF(xin)ġԡͬ҂횏˽ОЌҵ_عԵCôβ܌F(xin)@һԸ
ǰһNQ֮l(f)֧Ԯ͵ĹI(lng)ȡ@ˏVJͬI(lng)־Ը߈FwNPOǠIMNGOMӵg֧ԮM˂cӵijԴˌF(xin)ӱsԮ˵ʽF(xin)ڞϘ(gu)˹ԻA(ch)
־ԸּЈṩ^ߵķ(w)Է(w)(jng)Ҫ꠵Ⱥkm(x)˂oڼĕrõr(w)(w)ҲЧ^ͶyЈˣ҂ԏÿһλ˷Јľ֧Ԯ@һʽF(xin)l(f)Ԍ`ОУȥҍµ
־ԸcNPO@ʾǘ֧ԮṩǼԴОԮĿxF(xin)Ҟǰᡣ@һxv@˽^ڴ˽߱ԮО|(zh)̎톖}ǰԲͨxϵОڴˣ˵ҌF(xin)ֱcߵP(gun)ĺ͐o(lin)ϵһҊ֧ԮӌһNȳ˽ֳԽ˽cߵ(lin)ϵṩCО
|(zh)ܵռ(j)֧ĵλ־ԸԻӱҕԵĵһЩI(y)ڽ(jng)ϫ@óɹ˂ߵʩОڴȻʣȻھS|(zh)A(ch)˂ѽ(jng)|(zh)ؔD(zhun)P(gun)עڃrֵҌF(xin)Ľrl(f)˸Եĸ׃ڴ־ԸӳһN_JҴڵě_ؔu͙(qun)ī@
һNͨ^ԮKF(xin)ҵĄәC
һN@옷֮@ȻОm˽ԣsО鷶෴҂ȫԌҕһNО־Ը־̎ڲߝqĕrMձĭ(jng)Ѷܲ_M1990`䌍˔(sh)c|(zh)ܡ˔(sh)֮ȣsʬF(xin)څ
־Ը־ĸߝq(jng)y(tng)ĹԶԪՓ(do)c\ԡԵͨ^ÿһλČ`ОչṩC
3. gFw
҂˼Ԇ}r(jng)c˽֮ýgFwintermediate groupҪcgFwڽڂc֮gǃߵýֳГ(lin)Y(ji)c˽؟^Щ^։ԵgFwɱ˥ϣ(jng)a(chn)^شӰ푵^(q)cطνMȅ^(q)ԈFwʧȥһ棬ԲH(yng)P(gun)֮߀회@NP(gun)䌍̎܉εtgFwĪ١
19o~˼п˾SCharles Alexis Henri Clerel de TocquevilleLry(tng)gFwl(f)MĸNY(ji)a(chn)˝dȤĴؓ(lin)Y(ji)c؟εĈFwϿxϣȻڴ˺һoܵIJxĝBԼԞĴāRʹl(f)_ҵgFwF(xin)@˥
PԞ飬ǰĽO(sh)yXҵćձgFwήҵĸԭ@һ߲Hֱӌ(do)ؔΣCwƵĽ߀Lˇه@һ֞90ᳫصЈx؟εAṩ˿ڌ(do)⏊ʳCƵЈfxڟo(ji)ƵؔUқQc؟εʹcˇƉģgFwܵďص׆ʧ
ͨrgFwָ^(q)ΈFwNΕ͵طͬwȈFwҲ(jng)Áʾ־ԸߣvolunteerMNPONGOdFwձ߀һӰ푾ʮֻSgFwИI(y)f(xi)ИI(y)f(xi)ГԵ؟ͨ^c˽II(y)(do)cֱ(lin)ϵ@ȻИI(y)FwһNמ顰õgFwSИI(y)f(xi)ȻɞĴԙC(gu)@ӵĈFwoГε؟
҂ҪڳԽЈcCƼƵķܵǰ£չµĹgògFwбҪһȲЈҲهɵġMɵˡ|(zh)Ϣ֧ԮMý߶Ȱl(f)_ĽgFwĻ_ʼȫ@Щ˹ȫ(ni)MһƏV@ȻgFwĽO(sh)չµĹgʮҪx
⣬҂߀(yng)ԓͥ^(q)ΈFwͅ^(q)ͬwȂy(tng)gFwO(sh)(lin)Y(ji)c˽ȫµý°l(f)](yng)еgFwڌҕԽO(sh)Ԟ鼺ε˂P(gun)ҪǰͥΣCgFw̎ڱ߅ͥ͵طͬw(jng)ԡԡҪgFwԴMHgHܽwF(xin)˸ͳ䌍w鼺ȻSF(xin)څҲ˽Ԃxg˥}x_ͬ҂ܺҕc˾oBļͥطͬwľҪʹ@ЩFwث@־Ը߈FwNPOgFwͱO(jin)ocߣcare mangerȥ֧ԮԮʹ֏(f)ϣճI(lng)֧ԮطWУͬwąf(xi)empowermentȫ·ʽF(xin)ĻԙCƣ(c̎xһ)
_صһNHĹԡ
ژ(gu)o߀ԭЈĹԕr҂ò˼P(gun)I(ni)֮һ鹫c˽֮ýĹͬԾ(yng)ԓӵĽɫ}Mܾеطļͥ^(q)ͬwNPOcNGOdFwMͬ_̤صؽO(sh)cSocճP(gun)ĵطԣͬӞ_ȫṩ˗l֮ͬrdgFw͂y(tng)gFwɷչµĹͨ^ߵĽY(ji)Ϙ(gu)ȫԵĘ^Ȼɞ҂(gu)21oroرܵҪn}
4.־Ը
1980ԺһƬʧcЈʧָ؟Уl(f)MĸNԮ_ʼ־ԸӱJ֪ڲهcЈǰṩ^ߵķ(w)Q}ṩһЧ;
rڵ־Ըӱҕһ־ձ־ԸӵʽQ¼ձyǷNԡϵʹxF(xin)ĚWʽ־Ը俴ijЩصˡµI(y)ȻgӿF(xin)ľԮӞD(zhun)˂Kܲ_ʼӴԡϵʹʽڵ־Ը^rϣ־Ըе˂ȫSҪĻyʹԮ΄(w)˺ܶyMԮĿĵ־Ըֵôᳫ]ƵęCƣ˂ͬӌoõwF(xin)
@Ȼ־ԸӲǟoиɓ_ĪᣨSalamon, Lester M.ͬҕЈʧcʧһ҂ͬбҪֱ桰־Ըߵʧ־ԸڲּԴ.YԴIJ.YԴĹìܣ.x͢.ȱI(y)ԵȆ}[4] M҂?ni)Ȼ?yng)JڵxϣMܴڸN}־ԸӲ]˶ͣDߝq־Ը߈FwoՓڔ(sh)߀Ҏ(gu)ģ϶ȡ˺ܴMչڴ˱£1998ձͨ^ˡضǠIӴMNPO־ԸȡЈһNȫµ҂̽ԙCƾҪáֹ־Ը҂߀]ҵκ܉˽ģչЧ;
־ԸԮ˞ǰО飬LԁһֱОķվƌWϿγcSϵǟoО@һǰ֮ϵġ{(dio)(ji)Оɵķcì˂P(gun)עĽcһ־ԸӅs@ٶLôδĻӅsܵõѸ͵İl(f)չ@@Ȼһֵ҂̽ӑĆ}^H{ʽĶԪՓ˼ǟoʾ־Ըӳ挍әC
|(zh)ĵԄәC(jng)ռ(j)֧Եλ־Ըӱҕ͵ОǸˌȺwʩһNОڴԵһNm(x)|(zh)ѽ(jng)õ˂_ʼؔD(zhun)?q)xF(xin)ҵĽrl(f)׃־Ըӵı˂ԇDCڵě_ؔu͵λ˂ͨ^֧ԮˌF(xin)ңЫ@ÿ옷@һxv־ԸһNm˽ԅsО־Ը־ȻõˏVJͬMձĭ(jng)ܲ_1990xSc|(zh)S˔(sh)֮fڅ[5]
־Ը־Խ˂y(tng) c˽ĶԪY(ji)(gu)N_؍¹gĹԿУ(do)Ժͮa(chn)\ӵ\õ˂ձP(gun)עڃ߶c˽ġĴڞǰlֹcОȱ횿˷˽ĵʼKռ(j)֧ԵλҲf҂ᳫo˽ġОĆ³LzĴУ҂yչһlͬr˽ġĵ·
־ԸȫһNОͨ^_ؼ˽ġ־Ը@һ;ȥչ˽ĿgoՓڿ˷ʧ߀ǡЈʧP(gun)Ҫ⣬T\Ҳ(yng)ԓD(zhun)׃˼·ďĹD(zhun)׃֧ԮρĂ˵˽Оȥl(f)F(xin)չԵĿ
҂횽һNȲίЈҲهɵMɵ|(zh)Ϣ֧ԮFwңSýIJl(f)չ@gFwĻҲȫпȫ҂ڴȫԵγ
ؽͥڃ(ni)^(q)ΈFwطΕȂy(tng)gFw҂(gu)ͬӾhxǰͥΣCķ̎ڱ߅ͥ@һgFwNӵĆ}̎ڳؓɠB(ti)ͥ͵طͬw(jng)һNԌF(xin)HgHܽwF(xin)˸ҳ䌍Ŀ߂䡰ͬԡĈFwȻSF(xin)ij죬˽ԂxĝBF(xin)˥
ȻKx_ͬͥcطͬwճI(lng)ȻʮҪʹgFwث@־Ը߈FwcNPOбҪԱO(jin)ocߵݣ(gu)һ܉֏(f)ԮW(wng)j(lu)F(xin)ճI(lng)ĸNdԈFw֧ԮطWУͬwąf(xi)empowermentȵȣԼһNHĹMܴy(tng)gFwcNPONGOdgFwͬ@ą^(q)ɫʣҪչȫȱ_̤ص_܇Ĺ
5.`湫ԵD(zhun)
־Ըӵ֧ԮО_صĹԣڂwڌ`иTʩĹڴȞҪoՓc߱ǷRОĹОcP(gun)@һxv֧ԮОһNпɲԵČ`ԹĹҪڹݛՓӑՓԒZ֧ԮA(ch)ĹԄtҕһN`
҂ԌԄֳɌ`ĹcՓĹԃɴ`I(lng)(ni)ĹҪָA\Լ˺չ_ĸN\ӡcYxwķʽhʽF(xin)Č`һN(jng)|(zh)ˮƽҵĹȻF(xin)S|(zh)āR˂P(gun)_ʼD(zhun)xMĮa(chn)I(y)֧ԮОӻĿǰѽ(jng)ɞҪ`ӱҲڲ_؍µĹԿg
ɷJǣݛՓcӑՓԒZĹgͬʮҪ(jng)F(xin)ҕ(ji)ĿеĻ˺֪RӵӑՓsʹԎ^păAݛՓҲoГȫĹ؟ÿһλОȥl(f)F(xin)CһʮҪĹ҂ͬrע،`cՓɂͬĹMܽӿF(xin)SϲgŪΑڿ^ʽķ̖ٿvsЌWXͶڌ`ӡбҪʹ`cԒZĹ_ƽ
֧ԮչԿgr[҂ǰҪ΄(w)ҪŪһNճО֧ԮӵЧԆ}؛c(qun)ȿýͨĽ(jng)cοg(ni)ڹҪ֧ߘOпc֧Ԯһ֧ԮҲOп܃HHͣڹ(qun)oϾI(lng)(ni)ɞһaԸѸͰl(f)չý֮ϵľW(wng)j(lu)Փ̓Mͬwԣ17o18oF(xin)ӢĿݡɳxȹݛՓď(f)Ҳܱ֧ԮО(gu)Č`ĹgиV韵ǰ
ָǣ҂̽ӑ}ĕr(yng)ԓg顰С¡ǡ¡픢Ա^ֵȾˡһἰԾҪͨձ횡͡ˇҡôSȻxҕճԳҪ{(dio)ԒZĹ⣬߀회c˂ճОY(ji)һעxȥ_Ԃˌ`ǰĹg͟o_^(sh)˵ąc֮҂HҪeO_عݛՓӑՓԒZĹg߀չ־ԸӼNPOȌ`ĹgԴ˞CMԵĸĸ
֮ΩнԹǰ֧ԮM܉չµĹԡMUMĽY(ji)(gu)ɞ҂횽Qشn}Ǯǰt(yng)ԓѹķ_չ`֧Ԯȣ(yng)ԓ֧Ԯ߶ǹߵO(sh)(yng)ľ֧ԮTĿǰĠrmȻѽ(jng)R@һ}߀]гκP(gun)T܉ͨ^Ѕ^(q)CP(gun)֧ԮT֧ԮɺϢôȻa(chn)هͬWУҲ(yng)HHƫֵ[6]УҎ(gu)Mй횇@_l(f)B(yng)Wcչ_N֧Ԯ⣬I(y)Ҳ(yng)ԓֻעЧʵĹԽMD(zhun)ͳmڄ(chung)º̈́(chung)츽Ӄrֵ֧ԮͽMMܹ@ȫʧğoĹD(zhun)֧Ԯô҂͟oҵQձ}ķ
ߺ飺߿ձWF(xin)ձ|I(y)WWооԼM, Self-Organity, 仯, Social Change, W, Theory of Civilizati, , Civilization, A, Social Stratificatio, A, Socil Class
ҽMԡՓď(f)1986(chung)棩ԽF(xin)1987й磩AcΡ1989|W棩1994v棩xWf2001꣬|W磩ҽMc2005|W磩LUWT2007꣬r棩ȽʮСAcΡһ1992걻gɽ(jng)Ոl(f)
ԴƌW200712
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] xҪ.ͨ^UҎ(gu)ƌF(xin)صЈ..p(w)_֧.I(y)IқQ؟ȡͬw
[2] @fĹԆָЩ1990ĭ(jng)˰ЈfȫxIJБn]о߂sͬ،Ԇ}鿼쌦ĬF(xin)M2000оȡ˺ܴɹWuՓ2000Kڣ504̖ԡ21oWµĹͬcԡ}ؼ
2001-2002|Wl(f)ľͽ̩2001-2ġ܌W10
2003꣬ɽڶ̽Եǰ˼Փ⣬ڴg߀Ⱥl(f)ّcҵ2003}Ұһ/⏴d̫/2004˾2004ɽ|ֱ˾2004Ğ锵(sh)P(gun)Ԇ}Ʒ@һγ^Ĺ܌W\
[3] ߿:ζWhȤν|W2001,265
[4]Salamon, Lester M., Partner in Public Service: Government-Nonprofit Relation in the Modern Welfare State, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1995,pp.44-48.
[5] 1958ձF(xin)(ni)wÿ궼1f˞錦_չP(gun)ݛՓ{(dio)顱1972_ʼ˽ԡ|(zh)S߀ԡS{(dio)ĿĽY(ji)ֹ1975꣬x|(zh)SıxS˔(sh)Ҫ1975-1979gxߵ˔(sh)څͬ1980_ʼBm(x)xS˔(sh)^ˡ|(zh)S˔(sh)ĴˣxS˔(sh)֮ʼK̎đB(ti)ݣ(ni)wڈңvՓ{(dio)ˡ2003գ
[6] ƫֵStandard scoreձWУÁWWąϵ(sh)gע
cx