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߿չµĹԿg

l(f)rg:2020-06-09 Դ: ժ c

|I(y)WWоڣ߿ 삥kg

ժҪ1990ԁ{(dio)ЈCcȫxxLϯ硣xڞɘOֻUṩՓ(j)ͬrҲɞ顰P(gun)]ԵĄNՓٶȻSǻϵΣCRһ҂횳Jy(tng)ĹՓܡɇ(do)ę(qun)Թc࿹ʽF(xin)Ĺԡѽ(jng)^rڂxI(y)ռĕr҂oһN܉˽ĹՓ͟oF(xin)Եͨ^ͬrM㡰˽־ԸԌ`Ӂ_µĹgչ܉ʹÿһλЙCֱӅcĹԿgɞһoȵWn}

P(gun)I~Ԇ԰l(f)֧Ԯ͹gFw־Ը߻`Ĺg

1.gήs

196070ǰձF(xin)^̽ӑcP(gun)ϵğᳱNP(gun)Ԇ}оӳFrˌWeOMՓ֮bW񹫹Ԙ(gu)\Ҳʮָߝq@Щ\cе͹ԽȻͬҪc֮࿹ʽF(xin)ġһMܴ󱊻ʹԺĮӄrP(gun)ĸ̽ӑȻʮֻS

Ȼ1970𣬹Ԇ}u˂ҕҰ M80ԡƺȫձ˵RʧĪ^ڴxmass democracyĝB͸ҵγɺ͂x@Ӱ⣬80ĭ(jng)r˽x_ʼձ֎衰˽¡һNcxġ˽ĕr˂xğ(do)\Ӳɱήsc׃|(zh)һڂxص׻ͬreOMЈԭһtγˌй„(w)olίнoҵęCơK(do)^(q)cط΅f(xi)gFwintermediate group“(lin)Y(ji)ˣ˽c֮ý顪˥ˡ

@һ1990xص±xеЈx̖īLjx^±x܌WЈCȫ挍ʩҎ(gu)ƾcpһ棬[Ó±xRΑB(ti)AؽҎ(gu)֏(f)y(tng)ͥcͬwfđfxؔcfеļmpқQc؟ε̖£ȫЈxcȫx[1]@һďص׻̶ȿáЈԭּxݡ@NЈfܵĸCƼȫx힓PȫһN緶(ni)UɢLUОڴ(do)қQc؟εIJı[һɡP(gun)]Ե

ȻSĭ(jng)ѣԼڳm(x)⵽˰Јfxȫ򻯵xΣ֮1990𣬡ԏ(f)d\ӡăA_ʼձ̧^[2]cͬrWҲؽՓӑՓٶȻScՓ»Sֲ˂xеġһNP(gun)]Եă(ni)ڄΣCRһ҂ҲòJĹԿܡ(do)ę(qun)Թc࿹ʽF(xin)ĹԵČDʽȱɲԡPߌĹԿ顰͹ԡ\͹ԡČDʽJΘ(gu)@һԵġհ׵ĹgɞҪn}y(tng)ĹՓTڏĶԪĽǶȁաc˽P(gun)ϵ(do)һNo߀ԭ顰˽Ĺ񣬵ڂxI(y)ѝB͸󱊌Ľ҂o_һNͬr˽ġԡҕcôǟoʹԫ@ġ

µĹgչDZԠ˽rǿͨ^܉ͬr˽־ԸԌ`Ӂ팍F(xin)

2.˽Ĺ

ͨrָһNԽ˽P(gun)ν(jng)γəCơܵ˂ҕĹԴ¿Ʉ֞ƒɴ

һǡ͹ԡҊԹּȤŘI(y)ԼSoY˽O(sh)õ@ֹ˂Q顰ĹġһN(qun)ӼĹһ񹫹Ի\͹ԡ@ͨ^_ӑՓ\ӵȷʽγݛՓԴһNҪfoҵýڵĹԡc(qun)ʽ𹫱ݛՓԈs־ҕȴý_ĸNݛՓh(hun)\\Լƽ\ӵ\Ӷڵ͵\͹[3] (zhn)ձĹԆ}ʼK@@Զչ_

籾_^ἰǘ196070cP(gun)ϵ̽ӑȫձԆ}P(gun)עڽ(jng)v˷NNKӭSԣ80ԺScxĝB͸rֵ^ĶӻʽĂԻ˂ԵğF(xin)@cͬrc˽ķxtԽl(f)@cȫͬČγ힓P˽˽x

ĹҪwF(xin)錦c˽ʽF(xin)ġP(gun)עһNc˽£Լ飩ɵĹңP(gun)ע@ЩԽ˽µĆ}ˌԵP(gun)ڂxI(y)ռĽ죬˂yԡc˽ČǰĹձʮ˽һ˶ЌܵSԣʹձI(y)͇҃(yu)ȵD(zhun)ͳɞ邀˃(yu)ĺ•һ˸^һ֮ձ߂ԇCđB(ti)ȌԆ}MІɵh(hun)ҕȹݛՓHµγɺo棬(jng)F(xin)sһNչ[Ʒ㡱Mչʾ

Ŀǰ҂ڴչһNͬr˽ġ˽ҕcԡ˽ʽF(xin)ġԡͬ҂횏˽ОЌҵ_عԵCôβ܌F(xin)@һԸ

ǰһNQ֮԰l(f)֧Ԯ͵ĹI(lng)ȡ͹@ˏVJͬI(lng)־Ը߈FwNPOǠIMNGOMӵg֧ԮM˂cӵijԴˌF(xin)ӱsԮ˵ʽF(xin)ڞϘ(gu)˹ԻA(ch)

־Ը߻ּЈṩ^ߵķ(w)Է(w)(jng)Ҫ꠵Ⱥkm(x)˂oڼĕrõr(w)(w)ҲЧ^ͶyЈˣ҂ԏÿһλ˷Јľ֧Ԯ@һʽF(xin)԰l(f)Ԍ`ОУȥҍµ

־Ը߻cNPO@ʾǘ֧ԮṩǼԴОԮĿxF(xin)Ҟǰᡣ@һxv@˽^ڴ˽߱ԮО|(zh)̎톖}ǰԲͨxϵОڴˣ˵ҌF(xin)ֱcߵP(gun)ĺ͐o“(lin)ϵһҊ֧ԮӌһNȳ˽ֳԽ˽cߵ“(lin)ϵṩCО

׷|(zh)ܵռ(j)֧ĵλ־ԸԻӱҕԵĵһЩI(y)ڽ(jng)ϫ@óɹ˂ߵʩОڴȻʣ෶ȻھS|(zh)A(ch)˂ѽ(jng)׷|(zh)ؔD(zhun)P(gun)עڃrֵҌF(xin)Ľrl(f)˸Եĸ׃ڴ־Ը߻ӳһN_JҴڵě_ؔu͙(qun)ī@
һNͨ^ԮKF(xin)ҵĄәC
һN@옷֮š@ȻОm˽ԣsО鷶෴҂ȫԌҕһNО־Ը־̎ڲߝqĕrMձĭ(jng)Ѷܲ_M1990׷`䌍˔(sh)c׷|(zh)ܡ˔(sh)֮ȣsʬF(xin)څ

־Ը־ĸߝq(jng)y(tng)ĹԶԪՓ(do)͹c\ԡԵͨ^ÿһλČ`ОչṩC

3. gFw

҂˼Ԇ}r(jng)c˽֮ýgFwintermediate groupҪcgFwڽڂc֮gǃߵýֳГ“(lin)Y(ji)c˽؟^Щ^։ԵgFwɱ˥Œϣ(jng)a(chn)^شӰ푵^(q)cطνMȅ^(q)ԈFwʧȥһ棬ԲH(yng)P(gun)֮߀회@NP(gun)䌍̎܉εtgFwĪ١

19o~˼п˾SCharles Alexis Henri Clerel de TocquevilleLry(tng)gFw԰l(f)MĸNY(ji)a(chn)˝dȤĴؓ“(lin)Y(ji)c؟εĈFwϿxϣȻڴ˺һošܵIJxĝB͸ԼԞĴāRʹl(f)_ҵgFwF(xin)@˥

PԞ飬ǰĽO(sh)yXҵćձgFwήҵĸԭ@һ߲Hֱӌ(do)ؔΣC͹wƵĽ߀Lˇه@һ֞90ᳫصЈx؟εƒAṩ˿ڌ(do)⏊ʳ͸CƵЈfxڟo(ji)ƵؔUқQc؟εʹc⵽ˇƉģgFwܵďص׆ʧ

ͨrgFwָ^(q)ΈFwNΕ͵طͬwȈFwҲ(jng)Áʾ־ԸߣvolunteerMNPONGOdFwձ߀һӰ푾޴ʮֻSgFwИI(y)f(xi)ИI(y)f(xi)Г͹Ե؟ͨ^c˽II(y)(do)cֱ“(lin)ϵ@ȻИI(y)FwһNמ顰õgFwŒSИI(y)f(xi)ȻɞĴԙC(gu)@ӵĈFwoГε؟

҂ҪڳԽЈc׷CƼƵķܵǰ£չµĹgògFwбҪһȲЈҲهɵġMɵˡ|(zh)Ϣ֧ԮMý߶Ȱl(f)_ĽgFwĻ_ʼȫ@Щ˹ȫ򷶇(ni)MһƏV@ȻgFwĽO(sh)չµĹgʮҪx

⣬҂߀(yng)ԓͥ^(q)ΈFwͅ^(q)ͬwȂy(tng)gFwO(sh)“(lin)Y(ji)c˽ȫµý׌°l(f)](yng)еgFwڌҕԽO(sh)Ԟ鼺ε˂P(gun)ҪǰͥΣCgFw̎ڱ߅ͥ͵طͬw(jng)ԡԡҪgFwԴMHgHܽwF(xin)˸ͳ䌍w鼺ȻSF(xin)څҲ˽Ԃxg˥}x_ͬ҂ܺҕc˾oBļͥطͬwľ޴Ҫʹ@ЩFwث@־Ը߈FwNPOgFwͱO(jin)ocߣcare mangerȥ֧ԮԮʹ֏(f)ŒϣճI(lng)֧ԮطWУͬwąf(xi)empowermentȫ·ʽF(xin)ĻԙCƣ(c̎xһ)

_صһNHĹԡ

ژ(gu)o߀ԭЈĹԕr҂ò˼P(gun)I(ni)֮һ鹫c˽֮ýĹͬԾ(yng)ԓӵĽɫ}Mܾеطļͥ^(q)ͬwNPOcNGOdFwMͬ_̤صؽO(sh)cSocճP(gun)ĵطԣͬӞ_ȫ򹫹ṩ˗l֮ͬrdgFw͂y(tng)gFwɷչµĹͨ^ߵĽY(ji)Ϙ(gu)ȫ򻯹ԵĘ^Ȼɞ҂(gu)21oroرܵҪn}

4.־Ը͹

1980ԺһƬʧcЈʧָ؟•У԰l(f)MĸNԮ_ʼ־Ը߻ӱJ֪ڲهcЈǰṩ^ߵķ(w)Q}ṩһЧ;

rڵ־Ը߻ӱҕһ־ձ־Ը߻ӵʽQ¼ձ񱊺yǷNԡϵʹxF(xin)ĚWʽ־Ը߻俴ijЩصˡµ˜I(y)ȻgӿF(xin)ľԮӞD(zhun)˂K𲽽ܲ_ʼӴԡϵʹʽڵ־Ը߻^rϣ־Ըе˂ȫS಻ҪĻyʹԮ΄(w)˺ܶyMԮĿĵ־Ը߻ֵôᳫ]ƵęCƣ˂ͬӌoõwF(xin)

@Ȼ־Ը߻Ӳǟoиɓ_ĪᣨSalamon, Lester M.ͬҕЈʧcʧһ҂ͬбҪֱ桰־Ըߵʧ־Ը߻ڲ׷ּԴ.؂YԴIJ.YԴĹìܣ.x͢.ȱI(y)ԵȆ}[4] M҂?ni)Ȼ?yng)JڵxŒϣMܴڸN}־Ը߻Ӳ]˶ͣDߝq־Ը߈FwoՓڔ(sh)߀Ҏ(gu)ģ϶ȡ˺ܴMչڴ˱£1998ձͨ^ˡضǠIӴMNPO־Ը߻ȡЈһNȫµ҂̽ԙCƾҪáֹ־Ը߻҂߀]ҵκ܉˽ģչЧ;

־Ը߻Ԯ˞ǰО飬LԁһֱОķվƌWϿγcSϵǟoО@һǰ֮ϵġ{(dio)(ji)Оɵķcì˂P(gun)עĽcһ־Ը߻Ӆs@ٶLôδĻӅsܵõѸ͵İl(f)չ@@Ȼһֵ҂̽ӑĆ}^H{ʽĶԪՓ˼ǟoʾ־Ը߻ӳ挍әC

׷|(zh)ĵԄәC(jng)ռ(j)֧Եλ־Ը߻ӱҕ͵ОǸˌȺwʩһNОڴԵһNm(x)|(zh)ѽ(jng)õ˂_ʼؔD(zhun)?q)xF(xin)ҵĽrl(f)׃־Ը߻ӵı˂ԇDCڵě_ؔu͵λ˂ͨ^֧ԮˌF(xin)ңЫ@ÿ옷š@һxv־Ը߻һNm˽ԅsО־Ը־ȻõˏV񱊵JͬMձĭ(jng)ܲ_1990x񡰾Sc|(zh)S˔(sh)֮fڅ[5]

־Ը־Խ˂y(tng) c˽ĶԪY(ji)(gu)N_؍¹gĹԿУ(do)͹Ժͮa(chn)•\ӵ\͹õ˂ձP(gun)עڃ߶c˽ġĴڞǰlֹcОȱ횿˷˽ĵʼKռ(j)֧ԵλҲf҂ᳫo˽ġОĆ³LzĴУ҂yչһlͬr˽ġĵ·

־Ը߻ȫһNОͨ^_ؼ˽ġ־Ը͹@һ;ȥչ˽ĿgoՓڿ˷ʧ߀ǡЈʧP(gun)Ҫ⣬T\Ҳ(yng)ԓD(zhun)׃˼·ďĹD(zhun)׃֧ԮρĂ˵˽Оȥl(f)F(xin)չԵĿ

҂횽һNȲίЈҲهɵMɵ|(zh)Ϣ֧ԮFwңSýIJl(f)չ@gFwĻҲȫпȫ҂ڴȫ򷶇Եγ

ؽͥڃ(ni)^(q)ΈFwطΕȂy(tng)gFw҂(gu)ͬӾhxǰͥΣCķ̎ڱ߅ͥ@һgFwNӵĆ}̎ڳؓɠB(ti)ͥ͵طͬw(jng)һNԌF(xin)HgHܽwF(xin)˸ҳ䌍Ŀ߂䡰ͬԡĈFwȻSF(xin)ij죬˽ԂxĝB͸F(xin)˥

ȻKx_ͬͥcطͬwճI(lng)ȻʮҪʹgFwث@־Ը߈FwcNPOбҪԱO(jin)ocߵݣ(gu)һ܉֏(f)ԮW(wng)j(lu)ŒF(xin)ճI(lng)ĸNdԈFw֧ԮطWУͬwąf(xi)empowermentȵȣԼһNHĹMܴy(tng)gFwcNPONGOdgFwͬ@ą^(q)ɫʣҪչȫ򻯹ȱ_̤ص_܇Ĺ

5.`湫ԵD(zhun)

־Ը߻ӵ֧ԮО_صĹԣڂwڌ`иTʩĹڴȞҪoՓc߱ǷRОĹОcP(gun)@һxv֧ԮОһNпɲԵČ`ԹĹҪڹݛՓӑՓԒZ֧ԮA(ch)ĹԄtҕһN`

҂ԌԄֳɌ`ĹcՓĹԃɴ`I(lng)(ni)ĹҪָA\Լ˺չ_ĸN\ӡcYxw࿹ķʽhʽF(xin)Č`һN(jng)|(zh)ˮƽҵĹȻF(xin)S|(zh)āR˂P(gun)_ʼD(zhun)xMĮa(chn)I(y)֧ԮОӻĿǰѽ(jng)ɞҪ`ӱҲڲ_؍µĹԿg

ɷJǣݛՓcӑՓԒZĹgͬʮҪ(jng)F(xin)ҕ(ji)ĿеĻ˺֪RӵӑՓsʹԎ^păAݛՓҲoГȫĹ؟ÿһλОȥl(f)F(xin)CһʮҪĹ҂ͬrע،`cՓɂͬĹMܽӿF(xin)SϲgŪΑڿ^ʽķ̖ٿvsЌWXͶڌ`ӡбҪʹ`cԒZĹ_ƽ

֧ԮչԿgr[҂ǰҪ΄(w)ҪŪһNճО֧ԮӵЧԆ}؛c(qun)ȿýͨĽ(jng)cοg(ni)ڹҪ֧ߘOпc֧Ԯһ֧ԮҲOп܃HHͣڹ(qun)oϾI(lng)(ni)ɞһaԸѸͰl(f)չý֮ϵľW(wng)j(lu)Փ̓Mͬw񹫹ԣ17o18oF(xin)ӢĿݡɳ‡xȹݛՓď(f)Ҳܱ֧ԮО(gu)Č`ĹgиV韵ǰ

ָǣ҂̽ӑ}ĕr(yng)ԓg顰С¡ǡ¡픢Ա^ֵȾˡһἰԾҪͨձ횡͡ˇҡôSȻxҕճԳҪ{(dio)ԒZĹ⣬߀회c˂ճОY(ji)һע؂xȥ_Ԃˌ`ǰĹg͟o_^(sh)˵ąc֮҂HҪeO_عݛՓӑՓԒZĹg߀չ־Ը߻ӼNPOȌ`ĹgԴ˞CM͹Եĸĸ

֮ΩнԹǰ֧ԮM܉չµĹԡMUMĽY(ji)(gu)ɞ҂횽Qشn}Ǯǰt(yng)ԓѹķ_չ`֧Ԯȣ(yng)ԓ֧Ԯ߶ǹߵO(sh)(yng)ľ֧ԮTĿǰĠrmȻѽ(jng)R@һ}߀]гκP(gun)T܉ͨ^Ѕ^(q)CP(gun)֧ԮT֧ԮɺϢôȻa(chn)هͬWУҲ(yng)HHƫֵ[6]УҎ(gu)Mй횇@_l(f)B(yng)Wcչ_N֧Ԯ⣬I(y)Ҳ(yng)ԓֻעЧʵĹԽMD(zhun)ͳmڄ(chung)º̈́(chung)츽Ӄrֵ֧ԮͽMMܹ܏@ȫʧğoĹD(zhun)֧Ԯô҂͟oҵQձ}ķ

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ԴƌW200712

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[2] @fĹԆָЩ1990ĭ(jng)󣬘˰Јfȫ򻯵xIJБn]о߂sͬ،Ԇ}鿼쌦ĬF(xin)M2000оȡ˺ܴɹWuՓ2000Kڣ504̖ԡ21oWµĹͬcԡ}ؼ
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[3] ߿:ζWhȤν|W2001,265

[4]Salamon, Lester M., Partner in Public Service: Government-Nonprofit Relation in the Modern Welfare State, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1995,pp.44-48.

[5] 1958ձF(xin)(ni)wÿ궼1f˞錦_չP(gun)ݛՓ{(dio)顱1972_ʼ˽ԡ|(zh)S߀ԡS{(dio)ĿĽY(ji)ֹ1975꣬x|(zh)Sıx񡰾S˔(sh)Ҫ1975-1979gxߵ˔(sh)څͬ1980_ʼBm(x)x񡰾S˔(sh)^ˡ|(zh)S˔(sh)Ĵˣx񡰾S˔(sh)֮ʼK̎đB(ti)ݣ(ni)wڈңvՓ{(dio)ˡ2003գ

[6] ƫֵStandard scoreձWУÁWWąϵ(sh)gע

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