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中文短文翻譯

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2017-02-05 來(lái)源: 短文摘抄 點(diǎn)擊:

中文短文翻譯篇一:全新版大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4短文翻譯加中文

攻勢(shì)已經(jīng)持續(xù)了三天,但是我們并沒(méi)有取得多少進(jìn)展。我們?cè)谇熬與敵人交戰(zhàn)的部隊(duì)遇到了強(qiáng)力的抵抗。師長(zhǎng)(division commander)命令我們營(yíng)(battalion)夜晚繞到敵人后方發(fā)起突然襲擊。然而,要繞到敵人后方,我們必須越過(guò)一片沼澤地(marshland)。我們很多人擔(dān)心會(huì)陷入泥潭之中。我們營(yíng)長(zhǎng)決定冒一下險(xiǎn)。所幸由于寒冷天氣沼澤地都結(jié)上了冰,我們天亮前到達(dá)目的地并從敵人后方發(fā)起進(jìn)攻。這一下扭轉(zhuǎn)了戰(zhàn)局。敵人沒(méi)有戒備,不久便投降了。

The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. Our troops engaging the enemy at the front were faced with strong resistance. The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to cross a marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. Lucky enough,thanks to the severe cold weather which made the marsh froze over, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered.

汽車自從發(fā)明以來(lái)使交通運(yùn)輸發(fā)生了革命性的變化,永遠(yuǎn)地改變了人們的生活、旅行和辦事的方式。但另一方面,也帶來(lái)了危害,尤其是公路死亡事故。然而,現(xiàn)近由于計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和電子傳感器的使用,有可能消除發(fā)生的大多數(shù)交通事故。例如,裝在你汽車上的電子傳感器能檢測(cè)到空氣中的酒精霧氣并拒絕 啟動(dòng)引擎。同樣,傳感器還能通過(guò)接受在軌道上運(yùn)行的衛(wèi)星發(fā)出信號(hào)檢測(cè)路況并大大減少你陷入交通擁堵的可能性。

Automobiles have, since their invention, revolutionized transportation, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. On the other hand, they have brought hazards, especially highway fatalities. However, today the application of computer technology and electronic sensors in designing and manufacturing cars makes it possible to eliminate most of traffic accidents. For example, electronic sensors mounted in your car can detect alcohol vapor in the air and refuse to start up the engine. They can also monitor road conditions by receiving radio signals sent out from orbiting satellites and greatly reduce your chances of getting stuck in traffic jams.

常言道,好的開(kāi)端是成功的一半。在求職時(shí),求職者事先做好充分的準(zhǔn)備是非常重要的。我認(rèn)為,事先作不作準(zhǔn)備常常會(huì)影響求職者的成功機(jī)會(huì)。

我的一位朋友在一家計(jì)算機(jī)軟件公司供職,年薪十萬(wàn)美元左右。他根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)歷告訴我說(shuō),那些對(duì)未來(lái)的雇員具有錄用決定權(quán)的人喜歡有充分準(zhǔn)備的人。那些沒(méi)有在了解未來(lái)的雇主方面盡全力的人很難有成功的希望。

Well begun, half done, as the saying goes. It is extremely important for a job applicant to do his homework while seeking employment. From my standpoint, whether or not one has done his homework clearly makes a difference in his chance of success.

I have a friend who is earning somewhere in the neighborhood of 100,000 dollars a years in a large computer software company. He told me that from his own experience the decision makers who interview prospective employees like people who are well prepared. Those who make no endeavor to learn as much about his prospective employer as possible don’t have much of a chance of success.

全球化對(duì)中國(guó)年輕人具有重大影響。例如,年輕的農(nóng)民正在大規(guī)模流向城市尋找工作。而對(duì)那些想出國(guó)深造或進(jìn)外企工作的年輕人來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)變得越來(lái)越重要。另一方面,許多海外學(xué)子近年來(lái)回歸祖國(guó),因?yàn)樗麄兛春弥袊?guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期前景。因特網(wǎng)加強(qiáng)了中國(guó)年輕人和其他地方年輕人的聯(lián)系。他們跟蹤最新潮流,模仿外國(guó)時(shí)尚。他們中一些人似乎不在乎中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)美德,更不要說(shuō)發(fā)揚(yáng)光大,這使得有人憂慮中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化會(huì)不會(huì)有一天終將消失。

Globalization has great implications for young Chinese. For example, young farmers are moving on a large scale to urban areas to look for jobs. And for those young people who aspire to study abroad or work in foreign-invested enterprises, English has become increasingly important. At the same time, a considerable number of overseas Chinese students have returned home in recent years, for they hold an optimistic outlook for the long-term growth of the Chinese economy. The Internet has strengthened the links between Chinese young people and those elsewhere. They follow the latest trend and copy foreign fashions. Some of them don’

t seem to care for traditional Chinese virtues, let alone carry them forward, which has given rise to worries that the traditional Chinese culture might one day vanish.

就我來(lái)說(shuō),外表往往是靠不住的。譬如,要是你僅憑外表去判斷諸如愛(ài)德華·海德·伯頓這樣的人,你就錯(cuò)了。外表上,伯頓像是個(gè)表里一致的人。他個(gè)子很小,滿頭白發(fā),有著一雙溫和、蔚藍(lán)的眼睛,文雅且坦率。然而,他原來(lái)卻是十分的殘忍。他侮辱和愚弄窮困潦倒的倫尼,讓他去做那樣的蠢事。更讓人吃驚的是,他對(duì)倫尼的死全然冷漠無(wú)情。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),他是個(gè)鐵石心腸的家伙。

For my own part, I find that appearances are all too often deceptive. For instance, you might be wrong if you judged by appearances only people like Edward Hyde Burton. In appearance, he seemed a man all of a piece. He was a tiny little fellow with white hair and mild blue eyes, gentle and candid. Nevertheless, he turned out to be very cruel. He insulted and fooled Lenny who was down and out and made him commit himself to an insane venture. What was still more surprising was that he was completely indifferent to Lenny’

s death. Without doubt, Burton was a man with a heart of stone

中文短文翻譯篇二:英語(yǔ)閱讀中文翻譯

11. The damage scenarios applicable to single side skin bulk carriers assume initial damage to the primary barrier,formed by the shell and hatch covers,followed by the failure of the secondary barrier formed by the double bottom and the transverse bulkheads(這里講述損壞情況主次之分,首先是主要屏障的損壞,其次是次要損壞,①.Primary barrier failure could occur in one of two ways(主要屏障發(fā)生故障通常是兩種方式之一0②.The side shell(側(cè)舷外板) could be damaged損壞 or 或者the hatch covers(艙口蓋板) could fail失效 under the pressure from green seas(倉(cāng)面綠浪擊水) on deck or be swept away(在艙面綠浪積水對(duì)甲板的壓力和沖刷下),thereby allowing water to enter the hold從而讓水進(jìn)入貨艙③.The most likely cause of initial side shell failure舷側(cè)外板故障最可能的原因,other than collision除了碰撞以外,results from the progressive reduction of support from corroded(腐蝕) and fractured side shell frame end bracket connections to topside tanks and hopper tanks④.Corrosion of end bracket toes creates a stress concentration with the location being subjected to fatigue loading from the passage of waves along the side shell⑤.This can lead to the growth of fatigue cracks until the end brackets are completely detached from the side shell⑥.Similarly,weld grooving of side frames and brackets can lead to detachment⑦.In each case(在所有情況下),loss(損失) of secondary support will lead to loss of the side shell(舷側(cè)外板) and water will enter the hold(水會(huì)進(jìn)入貨艙)⑧.

1.According to this passage,________ will be suffered from damage first.根據(jù)文章提示,那部分是第一個(gè)手損壞的(第一句話有答案)

A.primary barrier

B.secondary barrier

C.double bottom雙層底

D.transverse bulkheads隔板橫切面

2.Corrosion of ________ is not likely lead to detachment of the corresponding structural member.那部分的腐蝕不可能導(dǎo)致相關(guān)構(gòu)件的分拆,(這道題用排除法,在④⑤⑥⑦四句中找答案,因?yàn)檫@四句告訴我們這些部位的腐蝕最終都會(huì)導(dǎo)致detached(拆除),所以只要下面四個(gè)選項(xiàng)那個(gè)出現(xiàn)在這四句中就派出不選,所以只剩下D

A.weld grooving of side frames and brackets(第七句藍(lán)色部分)

B.end bracket toes(第五句藍(lán)色部分)

C.side shell frame end bracket connections to topside tanks and hopper tanks(第四局藍(lán)色部分)

D.the shell and hatch covers

3.Fatigue loading to end bracket toes is created by ________.尾端托架的疲勞載荷是有——造成的

A.the passage of waves along the side shell伴隨舷側(cè)外板的波浪通道

B.the side shell frame end bracket connections to topside tanks and hopper tanks

C.the detachment

D.the secondary support

這道題只需要在文中找到fatigue loading就可以找到答案,第五句最后明顯告訴我們A答案

4.In general,loss of secondary support will ________.通常,損失次要屏障的支持會(huì)導(dǎo)致——(整個(gè)第八句也就是文章最后一句就是這道題目,所以答案就是C(第八句紅色部分))

A.create a stress concentration with the location

B.a(chǎn)ssume initial damage to the primary barrier

C.lead to loss of the side shell and water will enter the hold

D.lead to the growth of fatigue cracks

12. One,or a combination of,the following two failure scenarios could occur.(這是一句綜述全文的話,意思是:下面任意一種或兩種情況的結(jié)合就會(huì)導(dǎo)致故障的發(fā)生)

Firstly,the double bottom structure of girders and floors could sustain sufficient damage under the negative buoyancy condition where the double bottom structure is subjected to the cargo loading only.If the transverse floor and longitudinal girder web plating structures,have deteriorated due to corrosion or mechanical damage,then shear failure can result and the double bottom may collapse.The loss of the hull girder flange,formed by the double bottom,would invariably lead to the loss of the ship.

Secondly,where water enters a loaded hold,the transverse watertight bulkheads are subject to the cargo loading increased by a static head of water(水的靜落差) equal to(相當(dāng)于) the flooded draught and a dynamic effect due to(由于) the fluid motion(流體運(yùn)動(dòng)) in the hold.If the watertight bulkhead has corroded then plastic collapse,or shear failure of the corrugated bulkhead connection to the lower shelf place,can occur followed by bulkhead failure.With two holds flooded,the ship would in all likelihood sink.(首先大概瀏覽短文,不管講的什么先找到紅色的兩個(gè)詞,這是兩個(gè)很有代表性的詞,F(xiàn)irstly首先Secondly其次,這能說(shuō)明文章結(jié)構(gòu)很清晰,層次分明,然后再鉆研每一部分的內(nèi)容)

1.It is implied in the passage that ________ will inevitably lead to the sinking of the ship.文章暗示著下列哪種情況將會(huì)導(dǎo)致沉船(首先找出文中提到沉船的地方(最后一個(gè)單詞sink,然后沿著這個(gè)詞前面找答案,文章最后一句話說(shuō)的是兩個(gè)貨艙被水淹必定導(dǎo)致沉船,所以D答案的后半截是正確的(or后面的),第二段的最后一句(藍(lán)色)說(shuō)的是D答案的前半句,也就是兩部分結(jié)合起來(lái)就是這道題目的答案。至于ABC三項(xiàng)則不會(huì)導(dǎo)致沉船)

A.the double bottom structure is subjected to the cargo loading only雙層底結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)自承擔(dān)貨物裝載

B.water enters a loaded hold水進(jìn)入載貨艙

C.bulkhead fails when there is no water in the hold貨艙內(nèi)沒(méi)有水的時(shí)候隔水板損壞

D.the loss of the hull girder flange or more than one hold are flooded船梁邊緣的虧損或者一個(gè)以上貨艙被水淹

2.Negative buoyancy condition refers to the condition of ________.下沉力情況指的是———(文中第二段有提到,藍(lán)色字體,考察專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ),只能死記住下面詞語(yǔ)的意思)

A.hogging拱曲

B.sagging下沉

C.rolling旋轉(zhuǎn)

D.pitching傾斜

3.The reason why the ship would sink with two holds flooded is that she will loss her ________.兩個(gè)貨艙被水淹導(dǎo)致沉船的原因是船將失去——

A.stability平衡

B.strength力量

C.buoyancy浮力

D.gravity重心

A這也應(yīng)該是常識(shí)問(wèn)題,兩個(gè)貨艙進(jìn)水肯定導(dǎo)致的是船體失去平衡然后沉船。

4.Where water enters a loaded hold,the transverse watertight bulkheads are not subject to ________.水進(jìn)入貨艙時(shí),水密艙壁的橫切面不受——(最后一段一開(kāi)頭說(shuō)的就是這道題,著重看第一句話,這句話說(shuō)的就是貨艙進(jìn)了水,水密艙壁橫截面的甲板蓋將失去作用,也就是不受甲板蓋支持,所以答案D,ABC只是片面效果)

A.the cargo loading貨物裝載

B.static head of water水的靜落差

C.dynamic effect due to the fluid motion in the hold由于流體運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)態(tài)效應(yīng)

D.support from other deck covers其他甲板蓋的支持

13. It is hereby expressly agreed that every exemption from liability and every right,defence and immunity of whatsoever nature applicable to the Repairer or to which the Repairer is entitled hereunder shall also be available and shall extend to protect every Repairer or agent of the Repairer(including every independent contractor(獨(dú)立承包商) from time to time employed by the Repairer)while acting in the course of or in connection with his employment or engagement.The Repairer is or shall be deemed to be acting as an agent or trustee on behalf of and for the benefit of all persons who are or might be employees or agents from time to time(including any independent contractors or subcontractors as aforesaid)and all such persons shall to this extent be or be deemed to be parties to the contract entered into by the Repairer.

1.This paragraph is most likely to appear in ________.這篇文中最可能出自——(看到修理工和承包商,合約這些字眼應(yīng)該有意識(shí)到之前做過(guò)類似的閱讀理解題目,船舶修理合同之類的)

A.Ship Slipping and Repairing Contract船舶松弛和維修合約

B.Time Charter定期租船契約

C.Voyage Charter航海章程

D.Demise Charter裸船租船合同

2.The exemption(免除) from liability and every right(責(zé)任和權(quán)力),defence and immunity(防御和免除) of whatsoever nature applicable to the Repairer(檢修工) or to which the Repairer is entitled hereunder(在此之下) will not extend to protect (將不會(huì)保護(hù)________.(這句話說(shuō)的是在任何情況下免除檢修工的責(zé)任和權(quán)利將對(duì)哪一方不利,仔細(xì)看文中藍(lán)色部分字體,說(shuō)的都是保護(hù)到的方面,而本題目是說(shuō)不保護(hù)對(duì)象,那么只要文中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)過(guò)的就是這道題目的答案,所以選D)

A.Agent of the Repairer檢修工的代理人

B.Independent Contractor employed by the Repairer檢修工鎖雇傭的獨(dú)立承包商

C.Subcontractor appointed by the Repairer檢修工任命的分包商

D.Shipowner船主

3.The Repairer is not or shall be not deemed to be acting as an agent or trustee on behalf of and for the benefit of ________.檢修工不屬于下列那方人員的利益受托人。(藍(lán)色字體是干擾詞,有沒(méi)有都不會(huì)影響這句話的意思)

A.a(chǎn)ll persons as to be deemed to be parties to the contract.所以合同當(dāng)事人

B.subcontractors appointed by the Repairer檢修工任命的分包商

C.independent contractors employed by Repairer檢修工雇傭的獨(dú)立承包商

D.persons who are or might be employees or agents of the Repairer檢修工的雇主或代理人

A根據(jù)文中所言,凡事提到檢修工的,那么他們肯定也和檢修工有著不可分割的利益關(guān)系,所以A項(xiàng)嫌疑最大,因?yàn)槲闹须m然提到所有人(紅色字體)但是這個(gè)所有人是有條件的,前提是必須有檢修工的參與,但是A項(xiàng)根本就沒(méi)出現(xiàn)檢修工這個(gè)詞語(yǔ),所以毋庸置疑選A

4.It can be concluded that this clause is formulated to protect the interests of ________.可以得出結(jié)論是這項(xiàng)條款是用來(lái)明確表示保護(hù)下面哪一方的利益——

A.Repairer's檢修工

B.independent contractor's獨(dú)立承包商

C.ship owner's船主

D.cargo owner's貨主

A根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和嘗試能知道答案A,因?yàn)閞epairer這個(gè)詞在文中出現(xiàn)多次,雖然理由牽強(qiáng)但確實(shí)是能夠猜出正確答案,做英語(yǔ)閱讀理解沒(méi)有固定的規(guī)律可循,總之找到答案就行嘿嘿??

14. Many carriers today make use of relay ports at which GOODs destined for more remote locations are transshipped onto substituted ships or“feeder vessels”,in order to secure faster and more efficient delivery than would be possible if the cargoes concerned were carried all the way to destination aboard the liner vessels on which they were first loaded①.The transshipment of cargo at such intermediate ports has been judged not to constitute an ueasonable deviation where it is shown to be a custom of the trade②.Nor,of course,is it an ueasonable deviation where the shipper acquiesced in it,had notice of it or could have expected it based on prior shipments with the same carrier,or where the carrier has made known its ordinary stops by its advertisements,publications or other means③.

1.A Relay Port means a/an_______.考察專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ), Relay Port中轉(zhuǎn)港口

A.port of destination目的港

B.port of sailing啟程港

C.intermediate port中途轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)港

D.port of refuge避風(fēng)港

2.Cargo will be possibly delivered slower to its destination by _______.貨物用下面哪種方式運(yùn)輸至目的地會(huì)比較慢(看第一句話的than這個(gè)詞,意思是比??,說(shuō)明than前面提到的運(yùn)輸方式比后面的那種方式(on which they were first loaded)要安全快捷,而這道題目要選擇慢的運(yùn)輸方式,那么很明顯是C答案。)

A.a(chǎn) feeder支流

B.a(chǎn) substituted ship代替船

C.the liner on which it was first loaded貨物第一次被裝載的班輪

D.the liner on which it would be loaded should a feeder or substituted ship not be available不可利用的直流或者是代替船只

3.Under which of the following conditions is it not sufficient to judge that transshipment at the relay port does not constitute an ueasonable deviation ___________.下面那種情況不足以判斷出在中轉(zhuǎn)港轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)貨物時(shí)不構(gòu)成不合理的誤差

A.the transshipment is shown to be a custom of the trade這種轉(zhuǎn)載方式被看作為一種行業(yè)風(fēng)俗

B.the shipper had notice of the transshipment貨主接到轉(zhuǎn)船裝運(yùn)通知

C.the shipper could have expected it based on prior shipments with the same carrier

D.the carrier has not made known its ordinary stops by its advertisements or publications(has 和has not)

D(仔細(xì)觀察文中最后一句話和D選項(xiàng)意思正好相反(D藍(lán)色部分),而ABC在二、三句中都有出現(xiàn))

4.The purpose of making use of a relay port by the carrier is to achieve the end of _______.使用中轉(zhuǎn)港的目的是為了最后——(第一句話的紅色部分就是這道題目的答案)

A.faster and more efficient delivery快速高效的運(yùn)輸

B.a(chǎn)voiding ueasonable deviation避免不合理的誤差

C.making known its ordin(轉(zhuǎn) 載 于:www.91mayou.com 蒲 公英文 摘:中文短文翻譯)ary transportation by its advertisements,publications or other means通過(guò)廣告,出版物或其他形式來(lái)宣傳平常的運(yùn)輸方式

D.preventing the adverse influence to the carriage by a custom of the trade依據(jù)交易的習(xí)慣避免不利影響的發(fā)生。

15. Individuals involved directly and indirectly in the handling of dangerous GOODs shall receive training designed to provide familiarity with the general provisions of dangerous GOODs transport requirements.Such training shall include a description of the classes of dangerous GOODs;labelling,marking,placarding and packaging,segregation and compatibility requirements;a description of the purpose and content of the dangerous GOODs transport document;and a description of available emergency response documents.

These persons shall have to receive detailed training concerning specific dangerous GOODs transport requirements which are applicable to the function the persons performs.

And of course they shall also receive the complete safety training.Commensurate with the risk of exposure in the event of a release and the functions performed,each person shall receive training on: Methods and procedures for accident avoidance,such as proper use of package-handling equipment and appropriate methods of stowage of dangerous GOODs;Available emergency response information and how to use it;General dangers presented by the various classes of dangerous GOODs and how to prevent exposure to those hazards,including if appropriate the use of personal protective clothing and equipment;and Immediate procedures to be followed in the event of an unintentional release of dangerous GOODs,including any emergency response procedures for which the person is responsible and personal protection procedures to be followed.(文章大概講述的是關(guān)于危險(xiǎn)物品的識(shí)別以及相關(guān)人員所需要接受的各種培訓(xùn)))

1.Unintentional(非故意的) Release(釋放) of dangerous GOODs (危險(xiǎn)物品)means primarily(主要是指) _______ of the GOODs.

A.a(chǎn)ccidental release意外釋放

B.proper release正確釋放

C.slow release慢速釋放

D.emergency release緊急釋放

A(這道題目就是考察Unintentional這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的意思,對(duì)照答案就能選出A)

2.“Proper use of package-handling equipment and appropriate methods of stowage of dangerous GOODs”is an item covered by _______.(文中紅色部分)正確使用液貨裝卸設(shè)備以及危險(xiǎn)物品的裝載方法出自下列那個(gè)條款

A.the training of familiarity with the general provisions of dangerous GOODs transport requirements危險(xiǎn)貨物裝載總則的培訓(xùn)

B.Function-specific training特殊功能培訓(xùn)

C.the training of proper shipping business特定航運(yùn)業(yè)培訓(xùn)

D.the safety training安全培訓(xùn)

D(文中沒(méi)有提到,估計(jì)應(yīng)該是專業(yè)常識(shí))

3.The immediate procedures to be followed in the event of an unintentional release of dangerous GOODs are covered by _______.(文中紅色部分)

A.the safety training

中文短文翻譯篇三:雅思10閱讀-中文翻譯

1. 1階梯水井

一千年前,在印度最干旱的地區(qū),階梯井是生活的基本保障。

Richard Cox 行至印度西北部,記述這些過(guò)往時(shí)代的壯觀古跡。

在公元六世紀(jì)和七世紀(jì)時(shí)期,生活在現(xiàn)在的印度西北部古吉拉特邦和拉賈斯坦邦的居民開(kāi)發(fā)出一種方法,能夠在焊機(jī)獲得清潔、新鮮的地下水用來(lái)飲用、沐浴、供養(yǎng)動(dòng)物以及灌溉。然而,這一發(fā)明——階梯井的意義遠(yuǎn)不止其實(shí)際的應(yīng)用。

階梯井通常建筑結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,并且在大小和形狀方面差異很大,這在這一地區(qū)是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的。在其全盛時(shí)期,它們是聚會(huì)、休閑以及放松的地點(diǎn),也是村民們(除了最低的社會(huì)階層)進(jìn)行禮拜的地點(diǎn)。多數(shù)階梯井位于古吉拉特邦(在此處它們被稱為“vav”)和拉賈斯坦邦(在此處它們被稱為“baori”)的沙漠地帶,少數(shù)階梯井也存在于德里。一些階梯井位于村莊里面或附近,作為社區(qū)的公共場(chǎng)所;另一些位于道路旁,作為有人的休息場(chǎng)所。

正如其名稱所示,階梯井由一系列石階構(gòu)成,這些石階從地平面向下延伸至水源(通常是地下含水層),水位隨著雨水變化。當(dāng)水位高時(shí),使用者只需要向下走幾個(gè)石階就可以到達(dá);當(dāng)水位低時(shí),則需要越過(guò)幾層階梯。

一些井是巨大開(kāi)放的坑狀,每一個(gè)斜面有上百個(gè)階梯,它們通常是層疊的。另一些更為精細(xì),有長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的階梯通道,經(jīng)過(guò)多層通向水源,它們由石頭建成,由柱子支撐,還有一些亭子供來(lái)訪問(wèn)者躲避酷熱。但或許最令人印象深刻的特征是其復(fù)雜的裝飾性雕塑,它們美化階梯井,展現(xiàn)出一些活動(dòng)——從戰(zhàn)斗、舞蹈到女性梳頭和制作黃油這樣的日常行為。

多少個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái),幾千口水井在印度西北部被修建,但其中大多數(shù)如今已經(jīng)停止使用;由于地下水被轉(zhuǎn)移供工業(yè)使用并且不再能夠達(dá)到地下水位,一些水井已經(jīng)廢棄和干枯。它們的狀況并沒(méi)有因?yàn)榻鼇?lái)的干旱期而改變:拉賈斯坦邦從1996年至2004年遭遇了八年的干旱。

然而,古吉拉特邦的一些重要地區(qū)近期進(jìn)行了許多階梯井的恢復(fù)工作,城邦政府在去年六月宣布計(jì)劃愛(ài)整個(gè)城邦范圍內(nèi)恢復(fù)階梯井。

在古都帕坦,皇后井(Rani Ki Van)或許是如今最好的例子。它在11世紀(jì)晚期由Udayamati 皇后建立,但在13世紀(jì)的一場(chǎng)洪水中被淤泥充塞。但是印度的考古調(diào)查局在20世紀(jì)60年代開(kāi)始對(duì)其進(jìn)行修復(fù),如今已經(jīng)恢復(fù)最初狀態(tài)。65米長(zhǎng),20米寬,27米深的皇后井,有500個(gè)雕像位于該古跡的壁龕內(nèi)。令人驚奇的是,在2001年1月,這一古建筑在一場(chǎng)里氏7.6級(jí)的地震中得以幸存。

另一個(gè)例子是位于古吉特邦北部Modhera的蘇利耶井(Surya Kund),它于1026年由Bhima一世建造,來(lái)敬奉太陽(yáng)神蘇利耶。實(shí)際上它類似一個(gè)池塘(Kund是蓄水池或水塘的意思),而非水井,但呈現(xiàn)出水井的建筑特征——四面有通向底部、幾何構(gòu)造令人驚嘆的階梯。階梯井帶有108個(gè)位于階梯間的、很小且雕刻復(fù)雜的神龕。

拉賈斯坦邦同樣有很多水井。齋蒲爾南部200公里的本迪古城,因其階梯井等建筑而聞名。比較大的階梯井之一是由當(dāng)?shù)嘏鮊athavatji于1699年建立的女王階井(Raniji Ki Baori)。女王階井深46米,寬20米,長(zhǎng)40米,這一雕刻精細(xì)的古跡是Nathavatji在本迪授權(quán)建造的21個(gè)水井之一。

在距離齋蒲爾95公里的廢舊小鎮(zhèn)艾巴奈麗,月亮水井(Chand Baori)是印度最古老、最深的水井之一;從美學(xué)角度上看,或許它是最引人注目的水井之一。月亮水井于大約公元前850年建成,緊鄰哈沙特瑪塔女神廟,包含幾百段曲折的階梯,這些階梯沿著水井的三個(gè)面陡峭地向下延伸至11層,從遠(yuǎn)處看去這是一種非常特殊的模式。在第四面,由華麗支柱支撐的游廊俯瞰著階梯。

依然為公眾使用的是尼姆拉納水井(Neemrana Ki Baori),它處在緊鄰齋蒲爾----德里公路的位置。該水井建立于約1700年,有9層深,最后兩層在水下。在地平面,有86個(gè)帶有柱廊的入口,來(lái)訪者可以由此向下170階到達(dá)最深的水源。

這些中世紀(jì)建造的古跡多年一直被忽視,如今許多已經(jīng)被印度考古調(diào)查局保護(hù)起來(lái),調(diào)查局已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到這些古跡的重要性,它們是國(guó)家悠久歷史的一部分。游客從遙遠(yuǎn)的地方聚集到印度西北部,驚奇地看著這些數(shù)百年前的建筑奇跡,它們提示著古文明的創(chuàng)造性和藝術(shù)性,以及水對(duì)人類生存的價(jià)值。

1.2歐洲的交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)(1990-2010)

歐洲交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)有怎樣的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)和前景?

A 離開(kāi)了高效的交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng),人們很難期望迅猛的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。盡管現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)可以通過(guò)促進(jìn)遠(yuǎn)程辦公和電信業(yè)務(wù)減少對(duì)機(jī)械運(yùn)輸?shù)男枨螅菍?duì)交通運(yùn)輸?shù)男枨笕栽谠黾。這一趨勢(shì)背后有兩個(gè)核心因素。對(duì)客運(yùn)而言,決定性因素是汽車使用的驚人增長(zhǎng),并且在未來(lái)十年間歐盟將見(jiàn)證車輛數(shù)量的而進(jìn)一步大幅增長(zhǎng)。

B 對(duì)貨運(yùn)而言,這種增長(zhǎng)很大程度上是由于歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)及其生產(chǎn)方式的改變。在過(guò)去20年的時(shí)間里,由于內(nèi)部邊界被廢除,歐盟從儲(chǔ)備型經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)向流動(dòng)型經(jīng)濟(jì)。這種現(xiàn)象由于一些行業(yè)(尤其是那些勞動(dòng)密集型行業(yè))的遷址而加劇,為了降低生產(chǎn)成本,這些行業(yè)將工廠設(shè)在距離總裝配廠或用戶幾百甚至幾千公里的地

方。

C 歐盟候選國(guó)所預(yù)期的巨大經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)將同樣帶來(lái)運(yùn)輸流量的增加,尤其是公路的交通運(yùn)輸量。在1998年,其中一些國(guó)家的出口量已經(jīng)達(dá)到1990年時(shí)的兩倍,進(jìn)口量達(dá)到1990年時(shí)的五倍以上。盡管很多候選國(guó)繼續(xù)沿用其鼓勵(lì)鐵路的運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng),但自20世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái),運(yùn)輸模式發(fā)生了顯著變化,公路運(yùn)輸更受青睞。在1990年至1998年期間,公路運(yùn)輸量增加了19.4%,而同期鐵路運(yùn)輸量減少了43.5%。盡管這些候選國(guó)家的鐵路運(yùn)輸平均來(lái)看依然處于比現(xiàn)有成員國(guó)更高的水平,但這對(duì)于擴(kuò)大之后的歐盟而言還是很有利的。

D 然而,可持續(xù)發(fā)展這一新的緊迫需求為調(diào)整歐盟的公共運(yùn)輸政策提供了機(jī)會(huì)。這一目標(biāo)受到哥德堡哦,歐盟理事會(huì)的認(rèn)同,需要在制定公共政策時(shí)考慮環(huán)境因素,其策略的核心在于運(yùn)輸方式的平衡。這一宏偉目標(biāo)直至2020年才能完全實(shí)現(xiàn),然而提出措施是實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的第一個(gè)關(guān)鍵步驟;理想情況下,可持續(xù)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)在30年的時(shí)間內(nèi)可以創(chuàng)建完備,也就是到2040年。

E 二氧化碳是最主要的溫室氣體,在1998年,28%二氧化碳的排放被歸咎于運(yùn)輸業(yè)的能源消耗。根據(jù)最新的估算,如果不采取任何措施扭轉(zhuǎn)交通運(yùn)輸增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì),到2020年,來(lái)自交通運(yùn)輸?shù)亩趸寂欧帕款A(yù)計(jì)將達(dá)到1.113萬(wàn)億噸,與1990年記錄的7390億噸相比,增長(zhǎng)與50%。再一次,公路運(yùn)輸成為罪魁禍?zhǔn),因(yàn)閱纹湟豁?xiàng)就占到了可歸于運(yùn)輸?shù)亩趸寂欧帕康?4%。因此,使用替代燃料和提升能源效率即是生態(tài)的而需要,也是技術(shù)的挑戰(zhàn)。

F 同時(shí),為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一模式轉(zhuǎn)變,人們必須做出更多努力。這樣的轉(zhuǎn)變不是一夜之間就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的,畢竟半個(gè)多世紀(jì)以來(lái)公路的狀況持續(xù)變壞。這一趨勢(shì)已經(jīng)惡化到了一定程度,如今鐵路運(yùn)輸正面臨邊緣化,僅占8%的市場(chǎng)份額,國(guó)際貨物列車在平均每小時(shí)18公里的速度線上掙扎。在這種情況下,出現(xiàn)了三種可以選擇的方法。

G 第一種方法是僅僅通過(guò)定價(jià)調(diào)整公路運(yùn)輸,不會(huì)對(duì)其他運(yùn)輸方式采取任何補(bǔ)充措施。運(yùn)輸價(jià)格增加預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)帶來(lái)貨運(yùn)車輛更好的荷載比例以及客運(yùn)車輛更合理的載客率,短期內(nèi)這或許可以控制公路運(yùn)輸?shù)脑鲩L(zhǎng)。然而,由于缺少使其他運(yùn)輸方式重獲活力的方法,更可持續(xù)的運(yùn)輸方式不可能成為主流。

H 第二種方法同樣著眼于公路運(yùn)輸定價(jià),但是與提升其他運(yùn)輸方式效率的舉措相結(jié)合,如更好的服務(wù)質(zhì)量、物流和技術(shù)。然而,這一方法并不包括投資新的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,也并不保證更好的區(qū)域凝聚力。它比第一種方法更有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)運(yùn)輸方式的分?jǐn),但是公路運(yùn)輸依然會(huì)保持最大的份額,并持續(xù)道路飽和狀態(tài),盡管這是運(yùn)輸方式中最為污染的。因此,這種方法并不足以保證向平衡狀態(tài)進(jìn)行必要的轉(zhuǎn)變。

I 第三種并非全新的方法,它包括一系列舉措,從定價(jià)到激活其他運(yùn)輸方式以及對(duì)跨歐盟網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行定向投資。這種綜合方法會(huì)使其他運(yùn)輸方式的市場(chǎng)份額回到它們1998年時(shí)的水平,并由此轉(zhuǎn)向平衡狀態(tài)?紤]到在過(guò)去50年間人們偏好公路運(yùn)輸這種歷史的不平衡狀態(tài),這種方法遠(yuǎn)比表面看上去更加宏偉,不會(huì)對(duì)人員和貨物流動(dòng)性造成限制,但是會(huì)顯著削弱公路運(yùn)輸增長(zhǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的聯(lián)系。

1.3 創(chuàng)新心理學(xué)

為什么沒(méi)有多少公司真正具有創(chuàng)造力?

創(chuàng)新是企業(yè)生存的核心,公司投入大量資源鼓勵(lì)員工產(chǎn)生新的想法。一些工作中心被設(shè)計(jì)得奢華,設(shè)備先進(jìn),專門(mén)用做激發(fā)創(chuàng)新的地點(diǎn),然而,在其中工作的人卻發(fā)現(xiàn)這種環(huán)境并沒(méi)有讓他們感到任何創(chuàng)新性。還有一些人沒(méi)有預(yù)算,沒(méi)有大的空間,卻在創(chuàng)新方面很成功。

亞利桑那大學(xué)的心里教授Robert B. Cialdini 認(rèn)為,公司沒(méi)有獲得應(yīng)有的成功,其中一個(gè)原因是創(chuàng)新始于招聘。研究表明,員工價(jià)值觀與公司價(jià)值觀之間的相符程度影響他們做出何種貢獻(xiàn),以及兩年后他們是否依然在公司。哈佛商學(xué)院的研究表明,盡管一些人或許比其他人更具創(chuàng)造力,但在正確的環(huán)境下,幾乎每個(gè)人都能成為有創(chuàng)造性的個(gè)體。

搖滾樂(lè)歷史中最著名的照片之一證實(shí)了Cialdini的觀點(diǎn)。1956年的一張照片中,在孟菲斯的太陽(yáng)工作室里,歌手Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash和 Jerry Lee Lewis在鋼琴前陷入困擾。這幅照片呈現(xiàn)了一個(gè)不為人知的故事。太陽(yáng)工作室的“million-dollar quartet”本可以是五重奏。沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)在照片上的是Roy Orbison,他是一名比Lewis,Perkins或者Cash更加偉大的天生歌者。太陽(yáng)工作室的擁有者Sam Phillips想通過(guò)融合黑人及白人音樂(lè)、鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)以及布魯斯的音樂(lè)形式改革流行樂(lè)。Presley,Cash,Perkins和Lewis本能地理解Phillips的抱負(fù)并且相信它。Orbison并沒(méi)有被這一目標(biāo)所鼓舞,只在唱片公司進(jìn)行了一次演出。

Cialdini說(shuō),價(jià)值觀契合非常重要,因?yàn)樵谀撤N程度上,創(chuàng)新是一種改變的過(guò)程,并且在那種壓力下,我們作為同一群體,會(huì)有不同的行為!爱(dāng)事情發(fā)生變化時(shí),我們本能地謹(jǐn)慎行事!币虼斯芾碚邆儜(yīng)當(dāng)采取一種看上去非直覺(jué)性的方法——他們要解釋如果公司沒(méi)能抓住某一特定機(jī)會(huì),會(huì)蒙受怎樣的損失。研究表明,相比獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),我們總是在被威脅會(huì)蒙受損失時(shí)更樂(lè)于冒險(xiǎn)。

管理者創(chuàng)新是一門(mén)微妙的藝術(shù)。當(dāng)市場(chǎng)、產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)以及財(cái)務(wù)部門(mén)在不同人群中獲得不同的反饋時(shí),公司很容易陷入一種相互矛盾的境地。缺少公司內(nèi)部的協(xié)作交換機(jī)制,頁(yè)容易讓小的創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目消失。創(chuàng)新是一項(xiàng)有接觸的活動(dòng),僅僅通過(guò)

說(shuō)“我們要往這個(gè)方向走,你們要隨我前往”,你無(wú)法獲得他人的信賴。

Cialdini認(rèn)為這種“追隨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)綜合征”是危險(xiǎn)的,尤其是這鼓勵(lì)了老板們獨(dú)斷專行!翱茖W(xué)研究已經(jīng)表明,在解決問(wèn)題方面,三個(gè)人比一個(gè)人更好,即使那一個(gè)人是該領(lǐng)域中最聰明的!睘榱俗C明其觀點(diǎn),Cialdini引用了與分子生物學(xué)家James Watson的訪談。DNA是一切生命體遺傳信息的載體,Watson與Francis Crick一同發(fā)現(xiàn)了其結(jié)構(gòu)!爱(dāng)回到他是如何在一些極具才華而立場(chǎng)不同的調(diào)查者之前破解密碼時(shí),他的回答令我很吃驚。他說(shuō)他和Crick能夠成功是因?yàn)橐庾R(shí)到他們?cè)趯ふ掖鸢傅目茖W(xué)家中并不是最聰明的。Watson說(shuō),最聰明的科學(xué)家叫Rosalind Franklin,‘她非常機(jī)智,向來(lái)不尋求他人的建議。’”

合作是人類行為的基本驅(qū)動(dòng)力之一。“社會(huì)認(rèn)同的原則如此普遍,甚至于不會(huì)被我們發(fā)現(xiàn),” Cialdini說(shuō)!袄,如果你的項(xiàng)目被一些資深的員工拒絕,那就爭(zhēng)取到一個(gè)資歷更老的人的支持! Cialdini并不是唯一宣揚(yáng)這一策略的人。研究表明,橫向而非縱向使用伙伴力量,要比任何老板的話語(yǔ)更加有力。

寫(xiě)作、想象和原型描述都可以激發(fā)新的想法。Cialdini引用大量研究論文和歷史事件來(lái)證明,即使寫(xiě)作也會(huì)加深每一個(gè)體在項(xiàng)目中的參與度。他說(shuō),這就是為什么那些早餐麥片的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)商家都會(huì)鼓勵(lì)我們以不超過(guò)10個(gè)字寫(xiě)出“我喜歡凱洛格玉米片因?yàn)楱B˙˙˙”這一寫(xiě)作行為使我們更可能相信它。

權(quán)威并不是抑制創(chuàng)新,但實(shí)際上經(jīng)常如此。錯(cuò)誤的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式會(huì)導(dǎo)致一種現(xiàn)象,Cialdini稱之為“機(jī)長(zhǎng)癥候群,即團(tuán)隊(duì)成員令人遺憾地傾向于選擇不承擔(dān)本應(yīng)屬于他們的團(tuán)隊(duì)責(zé)任!彼f(shuō)自己將其稱為機(jī)長(zhǎng)癥候群是因?yàn)椤爱?dāng)機(jī)長(zhǎng)做出錯(cuò)誤的決定時(shí),多飛行員駕駛的飛機(jī)的機(jī)組成員有時(shí)會(huì)表現(xiàn)出一種致命的被動(dòng)性!彼f(shuō),這種行為并非只在航空業(yè)出現(xiàn),當(dāng)管理者過(guò)于專制時(shí),這種情況可以在任何工作情境中發(fā)生。

完全相反情況的是20世紀(jì)80年代孟菲斯的設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì),他們是一群年輕的設(shè)計(jì)師,對(duì)他們而言“唯一的規(guī)則就是沒(méi)有規(guī)則”。這種環(huán)境鼓勵(lì)思想的自由交換,激發(fā)了在形式、功能、顏色以及材料方面更多的創(chuàng)造性,這種創(chuàng)造性顛覆了家具設(shè)計(jì)的理念。

許多理論家認(rèn)為,理想的老板應(yīng)當(dāng)在幕后進(jìn)行領(lǐng)導(dǎo),為團(tuán)隊(duì)成就感到自豪并在恰當(dāng)時(shí)給予贊揚(yáng)。Cialdini說(shuō):“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者應(yīng)當(dāng)鼓勵(lì)每一個(gè)人做出貢獻(xiàn),同時(shí)向每位成員確保:每一個(gè)建議對(duì)于做出正確決策都是重要的,會(huì)得到充分的關(guān)注!绷钊司趩实氖,創(chuàng)新有許多種方法,但并不存在神奇的公式。但是,通過(guò)認(rèn)識(shí)到這些心理層面的真相,希望創(chuàng)立真正創(chuàng)新文化的管理者就可以使自己的工作更為輕松。

2.1 茶與工業(yè)革命

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